Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia
Orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission. To describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Gi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2016-03, Vol.11 (3), p.e0152771-e0152771 |
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| creator | Mynářová, Anna Foitová, Ivona Kváč, Martin Květoňová, Dana Rost, Michael Morrogh-Bernard, Helen Nurcahyo, Wisnu Nguyen, Cathleen Supriyadi, Supriyadi Sak, Bohumil |
| description | Orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission.
To describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra and Kalimantan, and to evaluate the impact of orangutans' habituation and location on the occurrence of these zoonotic protists.
The overall prevalence of parasites in 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent microsporidia was Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found in 21 animals (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D (n = 5) and novel genotype Pongo 2 were detected only in six individuals (2.0%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these parasites in orangutans. Eight animals were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum (n = 2) and C. muris (n = 6). Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, subtype MB6, was identified in a single individual. While no significant differences between the different human contact level groups (p = 0.479-0.670) or between the different islands (p = 0.992) were reported in case of E. bieneusi or E. cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly less frequently detected in wild individuals (p < 2×10-16) and was significantly more prevalent in orangutans on Kalimantan than on Sumatra (p < 2×10-16).
Our results revealed that wild orangutans are significantly less frequently infected by Cryptosporidium spp. than captive and semi-wild animals. In addition, this parasite was more frequently detected at localities on Kalimantan. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in the prevalence of microsporidia between the studied groups of animals. The sources and transmission modes of infections were not determined, as this would require repeated sampling of individuals, examination of water sources, and sampling of humans and animals sharing the habitat with orangutans. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0152771 |
| format | Article |
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To describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra and Kalimantan, and to evaluate the impact of orangutans' habituation and location on the occurrence of these zoonotic protists.
The overall prevalence of parasites in 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent microsporidia was Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found in 21 animals (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D (n = 5) and novel genotype Pongo 2 were detected only in six individuals (2.0%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these parasites in orangutans. Eight animals were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum (n = 2) and C. muris (n = 6). Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, subtype MB6, was identified in a single individual. While no significant differences between the different human contact level groups (p = 0.479-0.670) or between the different islands (p = 0.992) were reported in case of E. bieneusi or E. cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly less frequently detected in wild individuals (p < 2×10-16) and was significantly more prevalent in orangutans on Kalimantan than on Sumatra (p < 2×10-16).
Our results revealed that wild orangutans are significantly less frequently infected by Cryptosporidium spp. than captive and semi-wild animals. In addition, this parasite was more frequently detected at localities on Kalimantan. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in the prevalence of microsporidia between the studied groups of animals. The sources and transmission modes of infections were not determined, as this would require repeated sampling of individuals, examination of water sources, and sampling of humans and animals sharing the habitat with orangutans.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152771</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27031241</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Ape Diseases - epidemiology ; Ape Diseases - parasitology ; Ape Diseases - transmission ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Borneo - epidemiology ; Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; Encephalitozoon ; Encephalitozoon cuniculi ; Endangered species ; Enterocytozoon ; Enterocytozoon bieneusi ; Genotypes ; Giardia ; Giardia duodenalis ; Giardia intestinalis ; Giardia lamblia ; Gorillas ; Habituation ; Habituation (learning) ; Health risks ; Humans ; Indonesia - epidemiology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - transmission ; Microsporidia ; Monkeys & apes ; National parks ; Orangutans ; Parasites ; Physiological aspects ; Pongo abelii ; Pongo abelii - parasitology ; Pongo pygmaeus ; Pongo pygmaeus - parasitology ; Prevalence ; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) ; Protection and preservation ; Protozoan Infections, Animal - epidemiology ; Protozoan Infections, Animal - parasitology ; Protozoan Infections, Animal - transmission ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Sampling ; Water sources ; Wild animals</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-03, Vol.11 (3), p.e0152771-e0152771</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Mynářová et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2016 Mynářová et al 2016 Mynářová et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-81d3e8d36299c7d1f834ef543c9ab4bccdf4ddc706c6460063d12729915326143</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c725t-81d3e8d36299c7d1f834ef543c9ab4bccdf4ddc706c6460063d12729915326143</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816420/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4816420/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27031241$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Umapathy, Govindhaswamy</contributor><creatorcontrib>Mynářová, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Foitová, Ivona</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kváč, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Květoňová, Dana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rost, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morrogh-Bernard, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nurcahyo, Wisnu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Cathleen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Supriyadi, Supriyadi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sak, Bohumil</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission.
To describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra and Kalimantan, and to evaluate the impact of orangutans' habituation and location on the occurrence of these zoonotic protists.
The overall prevalence of parasites in 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent microsporidia was Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found in 21 animals (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D (n = 5) and novel genotype Pongo 2 were detected only in six individuals (2.0%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these parasites in orangutans. Eight animals were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum (n = 2) and C. muris (n = 6). Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, subtype MB6, was identified in a single individual. While no significant differences between the different human contact level groups (p = 0.479-0.670) or between the different islands (p = 0.992) were reported in case of E. bieneusi or E. cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly less frequently detected in wild individuals (p < 2×10-16) and was significantly more prevalent in orangutans on Kalimantan than on Sumatra (p < 2×10-16).
Our results revealed that wild orangutans are significantly less frequently infected by Cryptosporidium spp. than captive and semi-wild animals. In addition, this parasite was more frequently detected at localities on Kalimantan. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in the prevalence of microsporidia between the studied groups of animals. The sources and transmission modes of infections were not determined, as this would require repeated sampling of individuals, examination of water sources, and sampling of humans and animals sharing the habitat with orangutans.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Ape Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Ape Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Ape Diseases - transmission</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Borneo - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium parvum</subject><subject>Encephalitozoon</subject><subject>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</subject><subject>Endangered species</subject><subject>Enterocytozoon</subject><subject>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Giardia</subject><subject>Giardia duodenalis</subject><subject>Giardia intestinalis</subject><subject>Giardia lamblia</subject><subject>Gorillas</subject><subject>Habituation</subject><subject>Habituation (learning)</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Indonesia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology</subject><subject>Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - transmission</subject><subject>Microsporidia</subject><subject>Monkeys & apes</subject><subject>National parks</subject><subject>Orangutans</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Pongo abelii</subject><subject>Pongo abelii - parasitology</subject><subject>Pongo pygmaeus</subject><subject>Pongo pygmaeus - parasitology</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Prevalence studies (Epidemiology)</subject><subject>Protection and preservation</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections, Animal - epidemiology</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections, Animal - parasitology</subject><subject>Protozoan Infections, Animal - transmission</subject><subject>Research and 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Collection</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mynářová, Anna</au><au>Foitová, Ivona</au><au>Kváč, Martin</au><au>Květoňová, Dana</au><au>Rost, Michael</au><au>Morrogh-Bernard, Helen</au><au>Nurcahyo, Wisnu</au><au>Nguyen, Cathleen</au><au>Supriyadi, Supriyadi</au><au>Sak, Bohumil</au><au>Umapathy, Govindhaswamy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-03-31</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0152771</spage><epage>e0152771</epage><pages>e0152771-e0152771</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Orangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission.
To describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra and Kalimantan, and to evaluate the impact of orangutans' habituation and location on the occurrence of these zoonotic protists.
The overall prevalence of parasites in 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent microsporidia was Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found in 21 animals (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D (n = 5) and novel genotype Pongo 2 were detected only in six individuals (2.0%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these parasites in orangutans. Eight animals were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum (n = 2) and C. muris (n = 6). Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, subtype MB6, was identified in a single individual. While no significant differences between the different human contact level groups (p = 0.479-0.670) or between the different islands (p = 0.992) were reported in case of E. bieneusi or E. cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly less frequently detected in wild individuals (p < 2×10-16) and was significantly more prevalent in orangutans on Kalimantan than on Sumatra (p < 2×10-16).
Our results revealed that wild orangutans are significantly less frequently infected by Cryptosporidium spp. than captive and semi-wild animals. In addition, this parasite was more frequently detected at localities on Kalimantan. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in the prevalence of microsporidia between the studied groups of animals. The sources and transmission modes of infections were not determined, as this would require repeated sampling of individuals, examination of water sources, and sampling of humans and animals sharing the habitat with orangutans.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>27031241</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0152771</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2016-03, Vol.11 (3), p.e0152771-e0152771 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1777533602 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animals Ape Diseases - epidemiology Ape Diseases - parasitology Ape Diseases - transmission Biology and Life Sciences Borneo - epidemiology Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium parvum Encephalitozoon Encephalitozoon cuniculi Endangered species Enterocytozoon Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes Giardia Giardia duodenalis Giardia intestinalis Giardia lamblia Gorillas Habituation Habituation (learning) Health risks Humans Indonesia - epidemiology Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - epidemiology Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - parasitology Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic - transmission Microsporidia Monkeys & apes National parks Orangutans Parasites Physiological aspects Pongo abelii Pongo abelii - parasitology Pongo pygmaeus Pongo pygmaeus - parasitology Prevalence Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) Protection and preservation Protozoan Infections, Animal - epidemiology Protozoan Infections, Animal - parasitology Protozoan Infections, Animal - transmission Research and Analysis Methods Sampling Water sources Wild animals |
| title | Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia |
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