The Macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS): A Rapid Screening Tool for Assessing Variability in the Social Responsiveness of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying human neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been hindered by the lack of a robust, translational animal model. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in ASD, maki...
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| description | Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying human neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been hindered by the lack of a robust, translational animal model. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in ASD, making them an excellent animal species in which to model social impairments. However, the social impairments associated with ASD may reflect extreme ends of a continuous distribution of traits. Thus, to validate the rhesus monkey as an animal model for studying social impairments that has strong translational relevance for ASD, researchers need an easily-implemented measurement tool that can quantify variation in social behavior dimensionally. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is a 65-item survey that identifies both typical and atypical social behaviors in humans that covary with ASD symptom severity. A chimpanzee SRS has already been validated and the current study adapted this tool for use in the rhesus monkey (mSRS). Fifteen raters completed the mSRS for 105 rhesus monkeys living at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. The mSRS scores showed a unimodal distribution with a positive skew that identified 6 statistical outliers. Inter-rater reliability was very strong, but only 17 of the 36 questions showed positive intra-item reliability. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified 3 factors that explained over 60% of the variance, with 12 items significantly loading onto the primary factor. These items reflected behaviors associated with social avoidance, social anxiety or inflexibility and social confidence. These initial findings are encouraging and suggest that variability in the social responsiveness of rhesus monkeys can be quantified using the mSRS: a tool that has strong translational relevance for human disorders. With further modification, the mSRS may provide an promising new direction for research on the biological mechanisms underlying social impairments. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0145956 |
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Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in ASD, making them an excellent animal species in which to model social impairments. However, the social impairments associated with ASD may reflect extreme ends of a continuous distribution of traits. Thus, to validate the rhesus monkey as an animal model for studying social impairments that has strong translational relevance for ASD, researchers need an easily-implemented measurement tool that can quantify variation in social behavior dimensionally. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is a 65-item survey that identifies both typical and atypical social behaviors in humans that covary with ASD symptom severity. A chimpanzee SRS has already been validated and the current study adapted this tool for use in the rhesus monkey (mSRS). Fifteen raters completed the mSRS for 105 rhesus monkeys living at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. The mSRS scores showed a unimodal distribution with a positive skew that identified 6 statistical outliers. Inter-rater reliability was very strong, but only 17 of the 36 questions showed positive intra-item reliability. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified 3 factors that explained over 60% of the variance, with 12 items significantly loading onto the primary factor. These items reflected behaviors associated with social avoidance, social anxiety or inflexibility and social confidence. These initial findings are encouraging and suggest that variability in the social responsiveness of rhesus monkeys can be quantified using the mSRS: a tool that has strong translational relevance for human disorders. With further modification, the mSRS may provide an promising new direction for research on the biological mechanisms underlying social impairments.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145956</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26731103</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animal models ; Animal social behavior ; Animal species ; Animals ; Anxiety ; Autism ; Autism Spectrum Disorder - physiopathology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder - psychology ; Behavior ; Behavioral sciences ; Brain research ; Child psychology ; Cognition & reasoning ; Confidence intervals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disorders ; Factor analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Macaca mulatta - physiology ; Macaca mulatta - psychology ; Male ; Marrus ; Medical screening ; Mental disorders ; Monkeys ; Neurosciences ; Outliers (statistics) ; Psychiatry ; Psychological research ; Reliability analysis ; Reliability aspects ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rhesus monkey ; Skewed distributions ; Social Behavior ; Social research ; Translation ; Validation studies ; Validity ; Variability</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2016-01, Vol.11 (1), p.e0145956-e0145956</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2016 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2016 Feczko et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2016 Feczko et al 2016 Feczko et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c557t-8975dc65e16ecd1ab807a289a50c3de06f9a6c6a44b6eeb6c38bd5a50b68e9243</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c557t-8975dc65e16ecd1ab807a289a50c3de06f9a6c6a44b6eeb6c38bd5a50b68e9243</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701177/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701177/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26731103$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Feczko, Eric J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bliss-Moreau, Eliza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walum, Hasse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pruett, Jr, John R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parr, Lisa A</creatorcontrib><title>The Macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS): A Rapid Screening Tool for Assessing Variability in the Social Responsiveness of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying human neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been hindered by the lack of a robust, translational animal model. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in ASD, making them an excellent animal species in which to model social impairments. However, the social impairments associated with ASD may reflect extreme ends of a continuous distribution of traits. Thus, to validate the rhesus monkey as an animal model for studying social impairments that has strong translational relevance for ASD, researchers need an easily-implemented measurement tool that can quantify variation in social behavior dimensionally. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is a 65-item survey that identifies both typical and atypical social behaviors in humans that covary with ASD symptom severity. A chimpanzee SRS has already been validated and the current study adapted this tool for use in the rhesus monkey (mSRS). Fifteen raters completed the mSRS for 105 rhesus monkeys living at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. 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With further modification, the mSRS may provide an promising new direction for research on the biological mechanisms underlying social impairments.</description><subject>Animal models</subject><subject>Animal social behavior</subject><subject>Animal species</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorder - physiopathology</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorder - psychology</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Behavioral sciences</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Child psychology</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Disease Models, Animal</subject><subject>Disorders</subject><subject>Factor analysis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta - physiology</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta - 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Eliza</au><au>Walum, Hasse</au><au>Pruett, Jr, John R</au><au>Parr, Lisa A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS): A Rapid Screening Tool for Assessing Variability in the Social Responsiveness of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2016-01-05</date><risdate>2016</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e0145956</spage><epage>e0145956</epage><pages>e0145956-e0145956</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying human neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), has been hindered by the lack of a robust, translational animal model. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in ASD, making them an excellent animal species in which to model social impairments. However, the social impairments associated with ASD may reflect extreme ends of a continuous distribution of traits. Thus, to validate the rhesus monkey as an animal model for studying social impairments that has strong translational relevance for ASD, researchers need an easily-implemented measurement tool that can quantify variation in social behavior dimensionally. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is a 65-item survey that identifies both typical and atypical social behaviors in humans that covary with ASD symptom severity. A chimpanzee SRS has already been validated and the current study adapted this tool for use in the rhesus monkey (mSRS). Fifteen raters completed the mSRS for 105 rhesus monkeys living at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. The mSRS scores showed a unimodal distribution with a positive skew that identified 6 statistical outliers. Inter-rater reliability was very strong, but only 17 of the 36 questions showed positive intra-item reliability. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified 3 factors that explained over 60% of the variance, with 12 items significantly loading onto the primary factor. These items reflected behaviors associated with social avoidance, social anxiety or inflexibility and social confidence. These initial findings are encouraging and suggest that variability in the social responsiveness of rhesus monkeys can be quantified using the mSRS: a tool that has strong translational relevance for human disorders. With further modification, the mSRS may provide an promising new direction for research on the biological mechanisms underlying social impairments.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26731103</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0145956</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal models Animal social behavior Animal species Animals Anxiety Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder - physiopathology Autism Spectrum Disorder - psychology Behavior Behavioral sciences Brain research Child psychology Cognition & reasoning Confidence intervals Disease Models, Animal Disorders Factor analysis Female Humans Macaca mulatta Macaca mulatta - physiology Macaca mulatta - psychology Male Marrus Medical screening Mental disorders Monkeys Neurosciences Outliers (statistics) Psychiatry Psychological research Reliability analysis Reliability aspects Reproducibility of Results Rhesus monkey Skewed distributions Social Behavior Social research Translation Validation studies Validity Variability |
| title | The Macaque Social Responsiveness Scale (mSRS): A Rapid Screening Tool for Assessing Variability in the Social Responsiveness of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T15%3A30%3A23IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20Macaque%20Social%20Responsiveness%20Scale%20(mSRS):%20A%20Rapid%20Screening%20Tool%20for%20Assessing%20Variability%20in%20the%20Social%20Responsiveness%20of%20Rhesus%20Monkeys%20(Macaca%20mulatta)&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Feczko,%20Eric%20J&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=e0145956&rft.epage=e0145956&rft.pages=e0145956-e0145956&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0145956&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA439084907%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1753448687&rft_id=info:pmid/26731103&rft_galeid=A439084907&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_1ad4f91d8d864e8ca90e46a7366d5d7a&rfr_iscdi=true |