Characterization of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Environmental Variables in a Shallow Groundwater in Shanghai Using Kriging Interpolation and Multifactorial Analysis
CAHs, as a cleaning solvent, widely contaminated shallow groundwater with the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta. This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using krigin...
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| creator | Lu, Qiang Luo, Qi Shi Li, Hui Liu, Yong Di Gu, Ji Dong Lin, Kuang Fei Fei Lin, Kuang |
| description | CAHs, as a cleaning solvent, widely contaminated shallow groundwater with the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta. This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using kriging interpolation and multifactorial analysis. The results showed that the overall CAHs plume area (above DIV) was approximately 9,000 m(2) and located in the 2-4 m underground, DNAPL was accumulated at an area of approximately 1,400 m(2) and located in the 6-8m sandy silt layer on the top of the muddy silty clay. Heatmap of PPC for CAHs and environmental variables showed that the correlation between "Fe(2+)" and most CAHs such as "1,1,1-TCA", "1,1-DCA", "1,1-DCE" and "%TCA" were significantly positive (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0142241 |
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This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using kriging interpolation and multifactorial analysis. The results showed that the overall CAHs plume area (above DIV) was approximately 9,000 m(2) and located in the 2-4 m underground, DNAPL was accumulated at an area of approximately 1,400 m(2) and located in the 6-8m sandy silt layer on the top of the muddy silty clay. Heatmap of PPC for CAHs and environmental variables showed that the correlation between "Fe(2+)" and most CAHs such as "1,1,1-TCA", "1,1-DCA", "1,1-DCE" and "%TCA" were significantly positive (p<0.001), but "%CA" and/or "%VC" was not, and "Cl-" was significantly positive correlated with "1,1-DCA" and "1,1-DCE" (p<0.001). The PCA demonstrated that the relative proportions of CAHs in groundwater were mostly controlled by the sources and the natural attenuation. In conclusion, the combination of geographical and chemometrics was helpful to establishing an aerial perspective of CAHs and identifying reasons for the accumulation of toxic dechlorination intermediates, and could become a useful tool for characterizing contaminated sites in general.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142241</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26565796</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aliphatic compounds ; Aliphatic hydrocarbons ; Biphenyl (Compound) ; Chemometrics ; China ; Chloride ; Chlorinated hydrocarbons ; Clay ; Contamination ; Correlation ; Dechlorination ; Engineering ; Environmental engineering ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental protection ; Environmental risk ; Groundwater ; Groundwater - analysis ; Groundwater pollution ; Hydrocarbons ; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis ; Industrial wastes ; Intermediates ; Interpolation ; Iron ; Kriging interpolation ; Laboratories ; Natural attenuation ; Pesticides ; Pollution ; Principal components analysis ; Risk assessment ; Rivers ; Science ; Silt ; Soil sciences ; Spatial Analysis ; Studies ; Variables ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-11, Vol.10 (11), p.e0142241</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Lu et al 2015 Lu et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-21dcc256ccdf27fbccae2c491bcbd2a710edbdc1f4aac9fbf8f4f2f426f8424d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-21dcc256ccdf27fbccae2c491bcbd2a710edbdc1f4aac9fbf8f4f2f426f8424d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643907/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643907/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26565796$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Achal, Varenyam</contributor><creatorcontrib>Lu, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Qi Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yong Di</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gu, Ji Dong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Kuang Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fei Lin, Kuang</creatorcontrib><title>Characterization of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Environmental Variables in a Shallow Groundwater in Shanghai Using Kriging Interpolation and Multifactorial Analysis</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>CAHs, as a cleaning solvent, widely contaminated shallow groundwater with the development of manufacturing in China's Yangtze River Delta. This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using kriging interpolation and multifactorial analysis. The results showed that the overall CAHs plume area (above DIV) was approximately 9,000 m(2) and located in the 2-4 m underground, DNAPL was accumulated at an area of approximately 1,400 m(2) and located in the 6-8m sandy silt layer on the top of the muddy silty clay. Heatmap of PPC for CAHs and environmental variables showed that the correlation between "Fe(2+)" and most CAHs such as "1,1,1-TCA", "1,1-DCA", "1,1-DCE" and "%TCA" were significantly positive (p<0.001), but "%CA" and/or "%VC" was not, and "Cl-" was significantly positive correlated with "1,1-DCA" and "1,1-DCE" (p<0.001). The PCA demonstrated that the relative proportions of CAHs in groundwater were mostly controlled by the sources and the natural attenuation. In conclusion, the combination of geographical and chemometrics was helpful to establishing an aerial perspective of CAHs and identifying reasons for the accumulation of toxic dechlorination intermediates, and could become a useful tool for characterizing contaminated sites in general.</description><subject>Aliphatic compounds</subject><subject>Aliphatic hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Biphenyl (Compound)</subject><subject>Chemometrics</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Chloride</subject><subject>Chlorinated hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Clay</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Correlation</subject><subject>Dechlorination</subject><subject>Engineering</subject><subject>Environmental engineering</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater - analysis</subject><subject>Groundwater pollution</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis</subject><subject>Industrial wastes</subject><subject>Intermediates</subject><subject>Interpolation</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Kriging interpolation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Natural attenuation</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>Pollution</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Silt</subject><subject>Soil sciences</subject><subject>Spatial Analysis</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Variables</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11rFDEUhgdRbK3-A9GAIHix6yST-boRlqW2i5WCtb0NZ_IxkyWbrMlM6_qn_Itmu9uyAwoyFxnOec4777zkJMlrnE5xVuKPSzd4C2a6dlZOU0wJofhJcozrjEwKkmZPD96PkhchLNM0z6qieJ4ckSIv8rIujpPf8w488F56_Qt67SxyCs0747y20EuBZkavu9jh6HwjvOPgG2cDAivQqb3V3tmVtD0YdANeQ2NkQNoiQFcdGOPu0Jl3gxV3UctvG7Fs2w40ug7atuiL1-32XNjYXzuzs7AV_zqYXqvoLDqJ6rP4q5ugw8vkmQIT5Kv9eZJcfz79Pj-fXFyeLeaziwmUOO8nBAvOSV5wLhQpVcM5SMJpjRveCBKZVIpGcKwoAK9VoypFFVGUFKqihIrsJHm7010bF9g-68BwmZGaViQtI7HYEcLBkq29XoHfMAea3Recbxn4mJuRrALJgRY0LaqS5jKtmibjmOaiAl7mtIhan_ZfG5qVFDwm6sGMRMcdqzvWulsWRbP63sy7vYB3PwYZ-n9Y3lMtRFfaKhfF-EoHzmY0o7TK6yKP1PQvVHyEXGkeb5vSsT4a-DAaiEwvf_YtDCGwxdW3_2cvb8bs-wO2k2D6LjgzbO9IGIN0B3LvQvBSPSaHU7Zdloc02HZZ2H5Z4tibw9Qfhx62I_sDfrIVtQ</recordid><startdate>20151113</startdate><enddate>20151113</enddate><creator>Lu, Qiang</creator><creator>Luo, Qi Shi</creator><creator>Li, Hui</creator><creator>Liu, Yong Di</creator><creator>Gu, Ji Dong</creator><creator>Lin, Kuang Fei</creator><creator>Fei Lin, Kuang</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151113</creationdate><title>Characterization of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Environmental Variables in a Shallow Groundwater in Shanghai Using Kriging Interpolation and Multifactorial Analysis</title><author>Lu, Qiang ; Luo, Qi Shi ; Li, Hui ; Liu, Yong Di ; Gu, Ji Dong ; Lin, Kuang Fei ; Fei Lin, Kuang</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-21dcc256ccdf27fbccae2c491bcbd2a710edbdc1f4aac9fbf8f4f2f426f8424d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Aliphatic compounds</topic><topic>Aliphatic hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Biphenyl (Compound)</topic><topic>Chemometrics</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Chloride</topic><topic>Chlorinated hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Clay</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Correlation</topic><topic>Dechlorination</topic><topic>Engineering</topic><topic>Environmental engineering</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Environmental protection</topic><topic>Environmental risk</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater - analysis</topic><topic>Groundwater pollution</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis</topic><topic>Industrial wastes</topic><topic>Intermediates</topic><topic>Interpolation</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Kriging interpolation</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Natural attenuation</topic><topic>Pesticides</topic><topic>Pollution</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Silt</topic><topic>Soil sciences</topic><topic>Spatial Analysis</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Variables</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lu, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Qi Shi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Hui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yong Di</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gu, Ji Dong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Kuang Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fei Lin, Kuang</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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This study focused on the distribution of CAHs, and correlations between CAHs and environmental variables in a shallow groundwater in Shanghai, using kriging interpolation and multifactorial analysis. The results showed that the overall CAHs plume area (above DIV) was approximately 9,000 m(2) and located in the 2-4 m underground, DNAPL was accumulated at an area of approximately 1,400 m(2) and located in the 6-8m sandy silt layer on the top of the muddy silty clay. Heatmap of PPC for CAHs and environmental variables showed that the correlation between "Fe(2+)" and most CAHs such as "1,1,1-TCA", "1,1-DCA", "1,1-DCE" and "%TCA" were significantly positive (p<0.001), but "%CA" and/or "%VC" was not, and "Cl-" was significantly positive correlated with "1,1-DCA" and "1,1-DCE" (p<0.001). The PCA demonstrated that the relative proportions of CAHs in groundwater were mostly controlled by the sources and the natural attenuation. In conclusion, the combination of geographical and chemometrics was helpful to establishing an aerial perspective of CAHs and identifying reasons for the accumulation of toxic dechlorination intermediates, and could become a useful tool for characterizing contaminated sites in general.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26565796</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0142241</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aliphatic compounds Aliphatic hydrocarbons Biphenyl (Compound) Chemometrics China Chloride Chlorinated hydrocarbons Clay Contamination Correlation Dechlorination Engineering Environmental engineering Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental protection Environmental risk Groundwater Groundwater - analysis Groundwater pollution Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated - analysis Industrial wastes Intermediates Interpolation Iron Kriging interpolation Laboratories Natural attenuation Pesticides Pollution Principal components analysis Risk assessment Rivers Science Silt Soil sciences Spatial Analysis Studies Variables Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis |
| title | Characterization of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Environmental Variables in a Shallow Groundwater in Shanghai Using Kriging Interpolation and Multifactorial Analysis |
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