A Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Small Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in Canada and the United States
Reports of outbreaks in Canada and the United States (U.S.) indicate that approximately 50% of all waterborne diseases occur in small non-community drinking water systems (SDWSs). Summarizing these investigations to identify the factors and conditions contributing to outbreaks is needed in order to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0141646-e0141646 |
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| creator | Pons, Wendy Young, Ian Truong, Jenifer Jones-Bitton, Andria McEwen, Scott Pintar, Katarina Papadopoulos, Andrew |
| description | Reports of outbreaks in Canada and the United States (U.S.) indicate that approximately 50% of all waterborne diseases occur in small non-community drinking water systems (SDWSs). Summarizing these investigations to identify the factors and conditions contributing to outbreaks is needed in order to help prevent future outbreaks.
The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify published reports of waterborne disease outbreaks involving SDWSs in Canada and the U.S. since 1970; 2) summarize reported factors contributing to outbreaks, including water system characteristics and events surrounding the outbreaks; and 3) identify terminology used to describe SDWSs in outbreak reports.
Three electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched for outbreak reports involving SDWSs throughout Canada and the U.S. from 1970 to 2014. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data related to water system characteristics and outbreak events. The data were analyzed descriptively with 'outbreak' as the unit of analysis.
From a total of 1,995 citations, we identified 50 relevant articles reporting 293 unique outbreaks. Failure of an existing water treatment system (22.7%) and lack of water treatment (20.2%) were the leading causes of waterborne outbreaks in SDWSs. A seasonal trend was observed with 51% of outbreaks occurring in summer months (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0141646 |
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The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify published reports of waterborne disease outbreaks involving SDWSs in Canada and the U.S. since 1970; 2) summarize reported factors contributing to outbreaks, including water system characteristics and events surrounding the outbreaks; and 3) identify terminology used to describe SDWSs in outbreak reports.
Three electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched for outbreak reports involving SDWSs throughout Canada and the U.S. from 1970 to 2014. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data related to water system characteristics and outbreak events. The data were analyzed descriptively with 'outbreak' as the unit of analysis.
From a total of 1,995 citations, we identified 50 relevant articles reporting 293 unique outbreaks. Failure of an existing water treatment system (22.7%) and lack of water treatment (20.2%) were the leading causes of waterborne outbreaks in SDWSs. A seasonal trend was observed with 51% of outbreaks occurring in summer months (p<0.001). There was large variation in terminology used to describe SDWSs, and a large number of variables were not reported, including water source and whether water treatment was used (missing in 31% and 66% of reports, respectively).
More consistent reporting and descriptions of SDWSs in future outbreak reports are needed to understand the epidemiology of these outbreaks and to inform the development of targeted interventions for SDWSs. Additional monitoring of water systems that are used on a seasonal or infrequent basis would be worthwhile to inform future protection efforts.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141646</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26513152</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Canada - epidemiology ; Communities ; Data processing ; Disease control ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drinking Water ; Environmental monitoring ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Illnesses ; Medical laboratories ; Medicine ; Outbreaks ; Population ; Public health ; Systematic review ; Terminology ; United States - epidemiology ; Water Microbiology ; Water monitoring ; Water Supply ; Water treatment ; Waterborne diseases ; Waterborne Diseases - epidemiology ; Waterborne Diseases - etiology ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0141646-e0141646</ispartof><rights>2015 Pons et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Pons et al 2015 Pons et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-399d4ba8a34a43eb333521212d92d81dbff541602751b4fbe3d1c644fdd79aff3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-399d4ba8a34a43eb333521212d92d81dbff541602751b4fbe3d1c644fdd79aff3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625960/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4625960/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,725,778,782,862,883,2098,2917,23849,27907,27908,53774,53776,79351,79352</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26513152$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Morais, Paula V</contributor><creatorcontrib>Pons, Wendy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Young, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Truong, Jenifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jones-Bitton, Andria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McEwen, Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pintar, Katarina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Papadopoulos, Andrew</creatorcontrib><title>A Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Small Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in Canada and the United States</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Reports of outbreaks in Canada and the United States (U.S.) indicate that approximately 50% of all waterborne diseases occur in small non-community drinking water systems (SDWSs). Summarizing these investigations to identify the factors and conditions contributing to outbreaks is needed in order to help prevent future outbreaks.
The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify published reports of waterborne disease outbreaks involving SDWSs in Canada and the U.S. since 1970; 2) summarize reported factors contributing to outbreaks, including water system characteristics and events surrounding the outbreaks; and 3) identify terminology used to describe SDWSs in outbreak reports.
Three electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched for outbreak reports involving SDWSs throughout Canada and the U.S. from 1970 to 2014. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data related to water system characteristics and outbreak events. The data were analyzed descriptively with 'outbreak' as the unit of analysis.
From a total of 1,995 citations, we identified 50 relevant articles reporting 293 unique outbreaks. Failure of an existing water treatment system (22.7%) and lack of water treatment (20.2%) were the leading causes of waterborne outbreaks in SDWSs. A seasonal trend was observed with 51% of outbreaks occurring in summer months (p<0.001). There was large variation in terminology used to describe SDWSs, and a large number of variables were not reported, including water source and whether water treatment was used (missing in 31% and 66% of reports, respectively).
More consistent reporting and descriptions of SDWSs in future outbreak reports are needed to understand the epidemiology of these outbreaks and to inform the development of targeted interventions for SDWSs. Additional monitoring of water systems that are used on a seasonal or infrequent basis would be worthwhile to inform future protection efforts.</description><subject>Canada - epidemiology</subject><subject>Communities</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease Outbreaks</subject><subject>Drinking Water</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Illnesses</subject><subject>Medical laboratories</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Terminology</subject><subject>United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Water Microbiology</subject><subject>Water monitoring</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><subject>Water treatment</subject><subject>Waterborne diseases</subject><subject>Waterborne Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Waterborne Diseases - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pons, Wendy</au><au>Young, Ian</au><au>Truong, Jenifer</au><au>Jones-Bitton, Andria</au><au>McEwen, Scott</au><au>Pintar, Katarina</au><au>Papadopoulos, Andrew</au><au>Morais, Paula V</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Small Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in Canada and the United States</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-10-29</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0141646</spage><epage>e0141646</epage><pages>e0141646-e0141646</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Reports of outbreaks in Canada and the United States (U.S.) indicate that approximately 50% of all waterborne diseases occur in small non-community drinking water systems (SDWSs). Summarizing these investigations to identify the factors and conditions contributing to outbreaks is needed in order to help prevent future outbreaks.
The objectives of this study were to: 1) identify published reports of waterborne disease outbreaks involving SDWSs in Canada and the U.S. since 1970; 2) summarize reported factors contributing to outbreaks, including water system characteristics and events surrounding the outbreaks; and 3) identify terminology used to describe SDWSs in outbreak reports.
Three electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched for outbreak reports involving SDWSs throughout Canada and the U.S. from 1970 to 2014. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data related to water system characteristics and outbreak events. The data were analyzed descriptively with 'outbreak' as the unit of analysis.
From a total of 1,995 citations, we identified 50 relevant articles reporting 293 unique outbreaks. Failure of an existing water treatment system (22.7%) and lack of water treatment (20.2%) were the leading causes of waterborne outbreaks in SDWSs. A seasonal trend was observed with 51% of outbreaks occurring in summer months (p<0.001). There was large variation in terminology used to describe SDWSs, and a large number of variables were not reported, including water source and whether water treatment was used (missing in 31% and 66% of reports, respectively).
More consistent reporting and descriptions of SDWSs in future outbreak reports are needed to understand the epidemiology of these outbreaks and to inform the development of targeted interventions for SDWSs. Additional monitoring of water systems that are used on a seasonal or infrequent basis would be worthwhile to inform future protection efforts.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26513152</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0141646</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Canada - epidemiology Communities Data processing Disease control Disease Outbreaks Drinking Water Environmental monitoring Epidemics Epidemiology Humans Illnesses Medical laboratories Medicine Outbreaks Population Public health Systematic review Terminology United States - epidemiology Water Microbiology Water monitoring Water Supply Water treatment Waterborne diseases Waterborne Diseases - epidemiology Waterborne Diseases - etiology Zoonoses |
| title | A Systematic Review of Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Small Non-Community Drinking Water Systems in Canada and the United States |
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