High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumo...
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| creator | Nilsson, Maria Hägglöf, Christina Hammarsten, Peter Thysell, Elin Stattin, Pär Egevad, Lars Granfors, Torvald Jernberg, Emma Wikstrom, Pernilla Halin Bergström, Sofia Bergh, Anders |
| description | Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. In radical prostatectomy specimens, LOX immune-staining corresponded to LOX in-situ hybridization and LOX mRNA levels were found to be similar between tumor and adjacent non-malignant areas, but significantly increased in bone metastases samples. LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0140985 |
| format | Article |
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LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. In radical prostatectomy specimens, LOX immune-staining corresponded to LOX in-situ hybridization and LOX mRNA levels were found to be similar between tumor and adjacent non-malignant areas, but significantly increased in bone metastases samples. LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140985</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26501565</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Androgens ; Bone tumors ; Breast cancer ; Cancer ; Cancer surgery ; Care and treatment ; Correlation analysis ; Epithelium ; Epithelium - enzymology ; Gastric cancer ; Gene expression ; Growth factors ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; Immunoreactivity ; In Situ Hybridization ; Liquid oxygen ; Lysyl oxidase ; Male ; Men ; Metastases ; Metastasis ; Methods ; Middle Aged ; mRNA ; Oxidase ; Oxidases ; Pathology ; Patient outcomes ; Prognosis ; Prostate - enzymology ; Prostate cancer ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms - diagnosis ; Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase - analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Stomach cancer ; Stroma ; Survival ; Tumors ; Urological surgery ; Urology ; Watchful Waiting ; Watchful waiting (Medical care)</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0140985-e0140985</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Nilsson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Nilsson et al 2015 Nilsson et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c805t-b04df79912490649841de778ffff409cba60f8a79dcdece8a4f1f2bb8a8853363</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c805t-b04df79912490649841de778ffff409cba60f8a79dcdece8a4f1f2bb8a8853363</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621025/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621025/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,552,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501565$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-112009$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-349310$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:132351862$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Kyprianou, Natasha</contributor><creatorcontrib>Nilsson, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hägglöf, Christina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hammarsten, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thysell, Elin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stattin, Pär</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egevad, Lars</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Granfors, Torvald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jernberg, Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wikstrom, Pernilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halin Bergström, Sofia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergh, Anders</creatorcontrib><title>High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. 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LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Androgens</subject><subject>Bone tumors</subject><subject>Breast cancer</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cancer surgery</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Epithelium</subject><subject>Epithelium - enzymology</subject><subject>Gastric cancer</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Growth factors</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypoxia</subject><subject>Immunoreactivity</subject><subject>In Situ Hybridization</subject><subject>Liquid oxygen</subject><subject>Lysyl oxidase</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Men</subject><subject>Metastases</subject><subject>Metastasis</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>mRNA</subject><subject>Oxidase</subject><subject>Oxidases</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Patient outcomes</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Prostate - enzymology</subject><subject>Prostate cancer</subject><subject>Prostatectomy</subject><subject>Prostatic Neoplasms - diagnosis</subject><subject>Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase - analysis</subject><subject>Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Stomach cancer</subject><subject>Stroma</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><subject>Urological surgery</subject><subject>Urology</subject><subject>Watchful Waiting</subject><subject>Watchful waiting (Medical care)</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk91u1DAQhSMEoqXwBggsIaFWYhc7dn58g1SVQitt2Yqfwp01sZ2sSxIvsQPdt-CR8XbT0qCCiC8yGn9zLB_rRNFjgqeEZuTlue27Furp0rZ6ignDPE_uRNuE03iSxpjevVFvRQ-cO8c4oXma3o-24jTBJEmT7ejnkakWaLZyqxrNL4wCp9HubP5lD5kW-YVG72w7OYHaVC20Hp121nnwGh0uTditTd-EnlZGeocAnVrboXnvpW30WuAaP4BW6g6dgjc6yJxAC5VWqFihz-DlouzrUBhv2uphdK-E2ulHw38n-vTm8OPB0WQ2f3t8sD-byBwnflJgpsqMcxIzjlPGc0aUzrK8DF-wQhaQ4jKHjCuptNQ5sJKUcVHkkOcJpSndiZ5udJe1dWIw0wmSxRnNeUx5II43hLJwLpadaaBbCQtGXDZsVwnovJG1FkChAKmSjBHOdCrzXKlcpSlQXXJW4qA12Wi5H3rZFyO1ofU1VFokmGcZDfyLv_Kvzdn-5el9LyjjlPxb_jfe9IKQGOP11V4Nl--LRisZ3qSDejQ23mnNQlT2u2BpTHCcBIHdQaCz33rtvGiMk7quodW239jIecIv0Wd_oLebPVAVBD9NW9pwrlyLin1G4ywLEAvU9BYqLKUbI0MQShP6o4G90UBgvL7wFfTOieMP7_-fnZ-N2ec32IWG2i-crXtvbOvGINuAMkTBdbq8Nplgsc7xlRtinWMx5DiMPbn5QNdDV8GlvwDzeER9</recordid><startdate>20151026</startdate><enddate>20151026</enddate><creator>Nilsson, Maria</creator><creator>Hägglöf, Christina</creator><creator>Hammarsten, Peter</creator><creator>Thysell, Elin</creator><creator>Stattin, Pär</creator><creator>Egevad, Lars</creator><creator>Granfors, Torvald</creator><creator>Jernberg, Emma</creator><creator>Wikstrom, Pernilla</creator><creator>Halin Bergström, Sofia</creator><creator>Bergh, Anders</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADHXS</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>D93</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><scope>ACNBI</scope><scope>DF2</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20151026</creationdate><title>High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting</title><author>Nilsson, Maria ; Hägglöf, Christina ; Hammarsten, Peter ; Thysell, Elin ; Stattin, Pär ; Egevad, Lars ; Granfors, Torvald ; Jernberg, Emma ; Wikstrom, Pernilla ; Halin Bergström, Sofia ; Bergh, Anders</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c805t-b04df79912490649841de778ffff409cba60f8a79dcdece8a4f1f2bb8a8853363</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Androgens</topic><topic>Bone tumors</topic><topic>Breast cancer</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Cancer surgery</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>Epithelium</topic><topic>Epithelium - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet full text</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Umeå universitet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Uppsala universitet full text</collection><collection>SWEPUB Uppsala universitet</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nilsson, Maria</au><au>Hägglöf, Christina</au><au>Hammarsten, Peter</au><au>Thysell, Elin</au><au>Stattin, Pär</au><au>Egevad, Lars</au><au>Granfors, Torvald</au><au>Jernberg, Emma</au><au>Wikstrom, Pernilla</au><au>Halin Bergström, Sofia</au><au>Bergh, Anders</au><au>Kyprianou, Natasha</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-10-26</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0140985</spage><epage>e0140985</epage><pages>e0140985-e0140985</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Lysyl oxidase (LOX) has been shown to both promote and suppress tumor progression, but its role in prostate cancer is largely unknown. LOX immunoreactivity was scored in prostate tumor epithelium, tumor stroma and in the tumor-adjacent non-malignant prostate epithelium and stroma. LOX scores in tumor and non-malignant prostate tissues were then examined for possible associations with clinical characteristics and survival in a historical cohort of men that were diagnosed with prostate cancer at transurethral resection and followed by watchful waiting. Men with a low LOX score in the non-malignant prostate epithelium had significantly longer cancer specific survival than men with a high score. Furthermore, LOX score in non-malignant prostate epithelium remained prognostic in a multivariable analysis including Gleason score. LOX score in prostate tumor epithelium positively correlated to Gleason score and metastases but was not associated with cancer survival. LOX score in tumor and non-malignant prostate stroma appeared unrelated to these tumor characteristics. In radical prostatectomy specimens, LOX immune-staining corresponded to LOX in-situ hybridization and LOX mRNA levels were found to be similar between tumor and adjacent non-malignant areas, but significantly increased in bone metastases samples. LOX levels both in tumors and in the surrounding tumor-bearing organ are apparently related to prostate cancer aggressiveness.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26501565</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0140985</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0140985-e0140985 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1727389239 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; SWEPUB Freely available online; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Androgens Bone tumors Breast cancer Cancer Cancer surgery Care and treatment Correlation analysis Epithelium Epithelium - enzymology Gastric cancer Gene expression Growth factors Health aspects Humans Hypoxia Immunoreactivity In Situ Hybridization Liquid oxygen Lysyl oxidase Male Men Metastases Metastasis Methods Middle Aged mRNA Oxidase Oxidases Pathology Patient outcomes Prognosis Prostate - enzymology Prostate cancer Prostatectomy Prostatic Neoplasms - diagnosis Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase - analysis Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Stomach cancer Stroma Survival Tumors Urological surgery Urology Watchful Waiting Watchful waiting (Medical care) |
| title | High Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) in the Non-Malignant Prostate Epithelium Predicts a Poor Outcome in Prostate Cancer Patient Managed by Watchful Waiting |
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