Gains in Life Expectancy Associated with Higher Education in Men
Many studies show large differences in life expectancy across the range of education, intelligence, and socio-economic status. As educational attainment, intelligence, and socio-economic status are highly interrelated, appropriate methods are required to disentangle their separate effects. The aim o...
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| description | Many studies show large differences in life expectancy across the range of education, intelligence, and socio-economic status. As educational attainment, intelligence, and socio-economic status are highly interrelated, appropriate methods are required to disentangle their separate effects. The aim of this paper is to present a novel method to estimate gains in life expectancy specifically associated with increased education. Our analysis is based on a structural model in which education level, IQ at age 18 and mortality all depend on (latent) intelligence. The model allows for (selective) educational choices based on observed factors and on an unobserved factor capturing intelligence. Our estimates are based on information from health examinations of military conscripts born in 1944-1947 in The Netherlands and their vital status through age 66 (n = 39,798).
Our empirical results show that men with higher education have lower mortality. Using structural models to account for education choice, the estimated gain in life expectancy for men moving up one educational level ranges from 0.3 to 2 years. The estimated gain in months alive over the observational period ranges from -1.2 to 5.7 months. The selection effect is positive and amounts to a gain of one to two months. Decomposition of the selection effect shows that the gain from selection on (latent) intelligence is larger than the gain from selection on observed factors and amounts to 1.0 to 1.7 additional months alive.
Our findings confirm the strong selection into education based on socio-economic status and intelligence. They also show significant higher life expectancy among individuals with higher education after the selectivity of education choice has been taken into account. Based on these estimates, it is plausible therefore that increases in education could lead to increases in life expectancy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0141200 |
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Our empirical results show that men with higher education have lower mortality. Using structural models to account for education choice, the estimated gain in life expectancy for men moving up one educational level ranges from 0.3 to 2 years. The estimated gain in months alive over the observational period ranges from -1.2 to 5.7 months. The selection effect is positive and amounts to a gain of one to two months. Decomposition of the selection effect shows that the gain from selection on (latent) intelligence is larger than the gain from selection on observed factors and amounts to 1.0 to 1.7 additional months alive.
Our findings confirm the strong selection into education based on socio-economic status and intelligence. They also show significant higher life expectancy among individuals with higher education after the selectivity of education choice has been taken into account. Based on these estimates, it is plausible therefore that increases in education could lead to increases in life expectancy.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141200</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26496647</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aged ; Birth order ; Cognitive ability ; Demography ; Economics ; Education ; Educational attainment ; Educational Status ; Empirical analysis ; Epidemiology ; Health economics ; Higher education ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Interdisciplinary aspects ; Life expectancy ; Life Expectancy - trends ; Life span ; Male ; Men ; Military service ; Mortality ; Netherlands ; Population ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Skilled workers ; Socioeconomic factors ; Socioeconomics ; Structural models ; Survival analysis ; Teaching methods</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-10, Vol.10 (10), p.e0141200-e0141200</ispartof><rights>2015 Bijwaard et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Bijwaard et al 2015 Bijwaard et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-f810856c758198f2e0caf866e87a287a1b50b917e88a4d979e5d24d385e26ef63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-f810856c758198f2e0caf866e87a287a1b50b917e88a4d979e5d24d385e26ef63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619701/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619701/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26496647$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Chang, Chin-Kuo</contributor><creatorcontrib>Bijwaard, Govert E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Poppel, Frans</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ekamper, Peter</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lumey, L H</creatorcontrib><title>Gains in Life Expectancy Associated with Higher Education in Men</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Many studies show large differences in life expectancy across the range of education, intelligence, and socio-economic status. As educational attainment, intelligence, and socio-economic status are highly interrelated, appropriate methods are required to disentangle their separate effects. The aim of this paper is to present a novel method to estimate gains in life expectancy specifically associated with increased education. Our analysis is based on a structural model in which education level, IQ at age 18 and mortality all depend on (latent) intelligence. The model allows for (selective) educational choices based on observed factors and on an unobserved factor capturing intelligence. Our estimates are based on information from health examinations of military conscripts born in 1944-1947 in The Netherlands and their vital status through age 66 (n = 39,798).
Our empirical results show that men with higher education have lower mortality. Using structural models to account for education choice, the estimated gain in life expectancy for men moving up one educational level ranges from 0.3 to 2 years. The estimated gain in months alive over the observational period ranges from -1.2 to 5.7 months. The selection effect is positive and amounts to a gain of one to two months. Decomposition of the selection effect shows that the gain from selection on (latent) intelligence is larger than the gain from selection on observed factors and amounts to 1.0 to 1.7 additional months alive.
Our findings confirm the strong selection into education based on socio-economic status and intelligence. They also show significant higher life expectancy among individuals with higher education after the selectivity of education choice has been taken into account. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Bijwaard, Govert E</au><au>van Poppel, Frans</au><au>Ekamper, Peter</au><au>Lumey, L H</au><au>Chang, Chin-Kuo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Gains in Life Expectancy Associated with Higher Education in Men</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-10-23</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0141200</spage><epage>e0141200</epage><pages>e0141200-e0141200</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Many studies show large differences in life expectancy across the range of education, intelligence, and socio-economic status. As educational attainment, intelligence, and socio-economic status are highly interrelated, appropriate methods are required to disentangle their separate effects. The aim of this paper is to present a novel method to estimate gains in life expectancy specifically associated with increased education. Our analysis is based on a structural model in which education level, IQ at age 18 and mortality all depend on (latent) intelligence. The model allows for (selective) educational choices based on observed factors and on an unobserved factor capturing intelligence. Our estimates are based on information from health examinations of military conscripts born in 1944-1947 in The Netherlands and their vital status through age 66 (n = 39,798).
Our empirical results show that men with higher education have lower mortality. Using structural models to account for education choice, the estimated gain in life expectancy for men moving up one educational level ranges from 0.3 to 2 years. The estimated gain in months alive over the observational period ranges from -1.2 to 5.7 months. The selection effect is positive and amounts to a gain of one to two months. Decomposition of the selection effect shows that the gain from selection on (latent) intelligence is larger than the gain from selection on observed factors and amounts to 1.0 to 1.7 additional months alive.
Our findings confirm the strong selection into education based on socio-economic status and intelligence. They also show significant higher life expectancy among individuals with higher education after the selectivity of education choice has been taken into account. Based on these estimates, it is plausible therefore that increases in education could lead to increases in life expectancy.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26496647</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0141200</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aged Birth order Cognitive ability Demography Economics Education Educational attainment Educational Status Empirical analysis Epidemiology Health economics Higher education Humans Intelligence Intelligence Tests Interdisciplinary aspects Life expectancy Life Expectancy - trends Life span Male Men Military service Mortality Netherlands Population Proportional Hazards Models Skilled workers Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomics Structural models Survival analysis Teaching methods |
| title | Gains in Life Expectancy Associated with Higher Education in Men |
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