Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia
Worldwide, coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to growing urbanization, industrialization and coastal development. Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in co...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0138271-e0138271 |
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| creator | Baum, Gunilla Januar, Hedi I Ferse, Sebastian C A Kunzmann, Andreas |
| description | Worldwide, coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to growing urbanization, industrialization and coastal development. Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in coral cover and composition has been extensively studied with a focus on large-scale gradients (i.e. regional drivers), however special focus on local drivers in shaping spatial community composition is still lacking. Here, the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta was investigated. Results indicate that the direct impact of Jakarta is mainly restricted to inshore reefs, separating reefs in Jakarta Bay from reefs along the Thousand Islands further north. A spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs is present along the islands as a result of localized anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients. Pollution is the main anthropogenic stressor, with over 80% of variation in benthic community composition driven by sedimentation rate, NO2, PO4 and Chlorophyll a. Thus, the spatial structure of reefs is directly related to intense anthropogenic pressure from local as well as regional sources. Therefore, improved spatial management that accounts for both local and regional stressors is needed for effective marine conservation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0138271 |
| format | Article |
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Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in coral cover and composition has been extensively studied with a focus on large-scale gradients (i.e. regional drivers), however special focus on local drivers in shaping spatial community composition is still lacking. Here, the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta was investigated. Results indicate that the direct impact of Jakarta is mainly restricted to inshore reefs, separating reefs in Jakarta Bay from reefs along the Thousand Islands further north. A spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs is present along the islands as a result of localized anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients. Pollution is the main anthropogenic stressor, with over 80% of variation in benthic community composition driven by sedimentation rate, NO2, PO4 and Chlorophyll a. Thus, the spatial structure of reefs is directly related to intense anthropogenic pressure from local as well as regional sources. Therefore, improved spatial management that accounts for both local and regional stressors is needed for effective marine conservation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138271</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26378910</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anthozoa - growth & development ; Anthropogenic factors ; Chlorophyll ; Chlorophyll - metabolism ; Climate change ; Coastal development ; Coasts ; Community composition ; Conservation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Coral Reefs ; Ecosystem biology ; Ecosystems ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental Pollution - adverse effects ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; Fishing ; Human influences ; Indonesia ; Islands ; Marine conservation ; Marine ecology ; Marine resources conservation ; Megacities ; National parks ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Offshore ; Pollution ; Pollution effects ; Sedimentation ; Urbanization</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0138271-e0138271</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Baum et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Baum et al 2015 Baum et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f818168f6c86e1abe6bef26841c1ca273c0627a5c32a02b138288a122fd9d9483</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f818168f6c86e1abe6bef26841c1ca273c0627a5c32a02b138288a122fd9d9483</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574762/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574762/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79472,79473</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378910$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Todd, Peter Alan</contributor><creatorcontrib>Baum, Gunilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Januar, Hedi I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferse, Sebastian C A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kunzmann, Andreas</creatorcontrib><title>Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Worldwide, coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to growing urbanization, industrialization and coastal development. Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in coral cover and composition has been extensively studied with a focus on large-scale gradients (i.e. regional drivers), however special focus on local drivers in shaping spatial community composition is still lacking. Here, the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta was investigated. Results indicate that the direct impact of Jakarta is mainly restricted to inshore reefs, separating reefs in Jakarta Bay from reefs along the Thousand Islands further north. A spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs is present along the islands as a result of localized anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Baum, Gunilla</au><au>Januar, Hedi I</au><au>Ferse, Sebastian C A</au><au>Kunzmann, Andreas</au><au>Todd, Peter Alan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-09-17</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0138271</spage><epage>e0138271</epage><pages>e0138271-e0138271</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Worldwide, coral reefs are challenged by multiple stressors due to growing urbanization, industrialization and coastal development. Coral reefs along the Thousand Islands off Jakarta, one of the largest megacities worldwide, have degraded dramatically over recent decades. The shift and decline in coral cover and composition has been extensively studied with a focus on large-scale gradients (i.e. regional drivers), however special focus on local drivers in shaping spatial community composition is still lacking. Here, the spatial impact of anthropogenic stressors on local and regional scales on coral reefs north of Jakarta was investigated. Results indicate that the direct impact of Jakarta is mainly restricted to inshore reefs, separating reefs in Jakarta Bay from reefs along the Thousand Islands further north. A spatial patchwork of differentially degraded reefs is present along the islands as a result of localized anthropogenic effects rather than regional gradients. Pollution is the main anthropogenic stressor, with over 80% of variation in benthic community composition driven by sedimentation rate, NO2, PO4 and Chlorophyll a. Thus, the spatial structure of reefs is directly related to intense anthropogenic pressure from local as well as regional sources. Therefore, improved spatial management that accounts for both local and regional stressors is needed for effective marine conservation.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26378910</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0138271</doi><tpages>e0138271</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; Full-Text Journals in Chemistry (Open access); DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Animals Anthozoa - growth & development Anthropogenic factors Chlorophyll Chlorophyll - metabolism Climate change Coastal development Coasts Community composition Conservation Conservation of Natural Resources Coral Reefs Ecosystem biology Ecosystems Environmental impact Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental Pollution - adverse effects Eutrophication Fisheries Fishing Human influences Indonesia Islands Marine conservation Marine ecology Marine resources conservation Megacities National parks Nitrogen dioxide Offshore Pollution Pollution effects Sedimentation Urbanization |
| title | Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia |
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