Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica
Solenopora jurassica is a fossil calcareous alga that functioned as an important reef-building organism during the Palaeozoic. It is of significant palaeobiological interest due to its distinctive but poorly understood pink and white banding. Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate o...
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| description | Solenopora jurassica is a fossil calcareous alga that functioned as an important reef-building organism during the Palaeozoic. It is of significant palaeobiological interest due to its distinctive but poorly understood pink and white banding. Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate over its taxonomic affinity, with recent work arguing that it should be reclassified as a chaetetid sponge. The banding is thought to be seasonal, but there is no conclusive evidence for this. Other recent work has, however demonstrated the presence of a unique organic boron-containing pink/red pigment in the pink bands of S. jurassica. We present new geochemical evidence concerning the seasonality and pigmentation of S. jurassica. Seasonal growth cycles are demonstrated by X-ray radiography, which shows differences in calcite density, and by varying δ13C composition of the bands. Temperature variation in the bands is difficult to constrain accurately due to conflicting patterns arising from Mg/Ca molar ratios and δ18O data. Fluctuating chlorine levels indicate increased salinity in the white bands, when combined with the isotope data this suggests more suggestive of marine conditions during formation of the white band and a greater freshwater component (lower chlorinity) during pink band precipitation (δ18O). Increased photosynthesis is inferred within the pink bands in comparison to the white, based on δ13C. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show the presence of tetramethyl pyrrole, protein moieties and carboxylic acid groups, suggestive of the presence of the red algal pigment phycoerythrin. This is consistent with the pink colour of S. jurassica. As phycoerythrin is only known to occur in algae and cyanobacteria, and no biomarker evidence of bacteria or sponges was detected we conclude S. jurassica is most likely an alga. Pigment analysis may be a reliable classification method for fossil algae. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0138305 |
| format | Article |
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It is of significant palaeobiological interest due to its distinctive but poorly understood pink and white banding. Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate over its taxonomic affinity, with recent work arguing that it should be reclassified as a chaetetid sponge. The banding is thought to be seasonal, but there is no conclusive evidence for this. Other recent work has, however demonstrated the presence of a unique organic boron-containing pink/red pigment in the pink bands of S. jurassica. We present new geochemical evidence concerning the seasonality and pigmentation of S. jurassica. Seasonal growth cycles are demonstrated by X-ray radiography, which shows differences in calcite density, and by varying δ13C composition of the bands. Temperature variation in the bands is difficult to constrain accurately due to conflicting patterns arising from Mg/Ca molar ratios and δ18O data. Fluctuating chlorine levels indicate increased salinity in the white bands, when combined with the isotope data this suggests more suggestive of marine conditions during formation of the white band and a greater freshwater component (lower chlorinity) during pink band precipitation (δ18O). Increased photosynthesis is inferred within the pink bands in comparison to the white, based on δ13C. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show the presence of tetramethyl pyrrole, protein moieties and carboxylic acid groups, suggestive of the presence of the red algal pigment phycoerythrin. This is consistent with the pink colour of S. jurassica. As phycoerythrin is only known to occur in algae and cyanobacteria, and no biomarker evidence of bacteria or sponges was detected we conclude S. jurassica is most likely an alga. Pigment analysis may be a reliable classification method for fossil algae.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138305</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26367117</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Affinity ; Algae ; Banding ; Biochemistry ; Bioindicators ; Biology ; Biomarkers ; Boron ; Calcite ; Calcite crystals ; Carbonates ; Carboxylic acids ; Chemical properties ; Chlorine ; Chromatography ; Coral reefs ; Cyanobacteria ; Environmental science ; Fossils ; Fourier transforms ; Gas chromatography ; Geochemistry ; GEOSCIENCES ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass Spectrometry - methods ; Mass spectroscopy ; Materials science ; Photosynthesis ; Phycoerythrin - analysis ; Pigmentation ; Pigments ; Pyrolysis ; Radiography ; Respiration ; Rhodophyta - chemistry ; Rhodophyta - classification ; Seasonal variations ; Seasons ; Temperature variations ; X-ray radiography</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0138305-e0138305</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”) Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-5148f544697874c18542684079eb1eee349f5d5a9a5d2898c7d2557707e2d5173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-5148f544697874c18542684079eb1eee349f5d5a9a5d2898c7d2557707e2d5173</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4569467/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4569467/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,2932,23875,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26367117$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1224051$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Silva, Lucas C.R.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Barden, Holly E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Behnsen, Julia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bergmann, Uwe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leng, Melanie J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manning, Phillip L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Withers, Philip J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wogelius, Roy A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Dongen, Bart E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)</creatorcontrib><title>Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Solenopora jurassica is a fossil calcareous alga that functioned as an important reef-building organism during the Palaeozoic. 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Fluctuating chlorine levels indicate increased salinity in the white bands, when combined with the isotope data this suggests more suggestive of marine conditions during formation of the white band and a greater freshwater component (lower chlorinity) during pink band precipitation (δ18O). Increased photosynthesis is inferred within the pink bands in comparison to the white, based on δ13C. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show the presence of tetramethyl pyrrole, protein moieties and carboxylic acid groups, suggestive of the presence of the red algal pigment phycoerythrin. This is consistent with the pink colour of S. jurassica. As phycoerythrin is only known to occur in algae and cyanobacteria, and no biomarker evidence of bacteria or sponges was detected we conclude S. jurassica is most likely an alga. Pigment analysis may be a reliable classification method for fossil algae.</description><subject>Affinity</subject><subject>Algae</subject><subject>Banding</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Bioindicators</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Boron</subject><subject>Calcite</subject><subject>Calcite crystals</subject><subject>Carbonates</subject><subject>Carboxylic acids</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>Chlorine</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Coral reefs</subject><subject>Cyanobacteria</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Fossils</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>GEOSCIENCES</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass Spectrometry - methods</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Materials science</subject><subject>Photosynthesis</subject><subject>Phycoerythrin - analysis</subject><subject>Pigmentation</subject><subject>Pigments</subject><subject>Pyrolysis</subject><subject>Radiography</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Rhodophyta - chemistry</subject><subject>Rhodophyta - classification</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Temperature variations</subject><subject>X-ray radiography</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk99rFDEQxxdRbK3-B6JLBVHwziSbX_siHKXWg0LFU8GnkGZn73LsJecmW-x_b_ZuW26lD5KHhMlnvjOZzGTZS4ymuBD449p3rdPNdOsdTBEuZIHYo-wYlwWZcIKKxwfno-xZCGuEWCE5f5odEV5wgbE4zn5dgDcr2Fijm_z8xlbgDOS-zuMK8gXo4FMMG28_5LO6ti6dcu2q_KtdbsDpaL3r4YVvwPmtb3W-7lodQpJ7nj2pdRPgxbCfZD8-n38_-zK5vLqYn80uJ0bgMk4YprJmlPJSSEENlowSLikSJVxjAChoWbOK6VKzishSGlERxoRAAkjFsChOstd73W3jgxqqEhRO6kRSTopEzPdE5fVabVu70e2t8tqqncG3S6XbaE0DChDIAqQmCKW8ELoGToFWUBtOmWE4aX0aonXXG6gMuNjqZiQ6vnF2pZb-RlHGS8r7dE_3Aj5Eq4KxEczKeOfARIUJoWgX5d0QpfW_OwhRbWww0DTage92jyNCYszLhL75B324BAO11OmV1tU-JWd6UTWjRDLJyxIlavoAlVbVN0jqs9om-8jh_cghMRH-xKXuQlDzxbf_Z69-jtm3B-wKdBNXwTdd329hDNI9aFofQgv1_U9gpPoxuauG6sdEDWOS3F4d_uK9091cFH8BB08Ksw</recordid><startdate>20150914</startdate><enddate>20150914</enddate><creator>Barden, Holly E</creator><creator>Behnsen, Julia</creator><creator>Bergmann, Uwe</creator><creator>Leng, Melanie J</creator><creator>Manning, Phillip L</creator><creator>Withers, Philip J</creator><creator>Wogelius, Roy A</creator><creator>van Dongen, Bart E</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>OIOZB</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150914</creationdate><title>Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica</title><author>Barden, Holly E ; Behnsen, Julia ; Bergmann, Uwe ; Leng, Melanie J ; Manning, Phillip L ; Withers, Philip J ; Wogelius, Roy A ; van Dongen, Bart E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-5148f544697874c18542684079eb1eee349f5d5a9a5d2898c7d2557707e2d5173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Affinity</topic><topic>Algae</topic><topic>Banding</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Bioindicators</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Boron</topic><topic>Calcite</topic><topic>Calcite crystals</topic><topic>Carbonates</topic><topic>Carboxylic acids</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>Chlorine</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Coral reefs</topic><topic>Cyanobacteria</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Fossils</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>GEOSCIENCES</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass Spectrometry - 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Academic</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV - Hybrid</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Barden, Holly E</au><au>Behnsen, Julia</au><au>Bergmann, Uwe</au><au>Leng, Melanie J</au><au>Manning, Phillip L</au><au>Withers, Philip J</au><au>Wogelius, Roy A</au><au>van Dongen, Bart E</au><au>Silva, Lucas C.R.</au><aucorp>SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-09-14</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0138305</spage><epage>e0138305</epage><pages>e0138305-e0138305</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Solenopora jurassica is a fossil calcareous alga that functioned as an important reef-building organism during the Palaeozoic. It is of significant palaeobiological interest due to its distinctive but poorly understood pink and white banding. Though widely accepted as an alga there is still debate over its taxonomic affinity, with recent work arguing that it should be reclassified as a chaetetid sponge. The banding is thought to be seasonal, but there is no conclusive evidence for this. Other recent work has, however demonstrated the presence of a unique organic boron-containing pink/red pigment in the pink bands of S. jurassica. We present new geochemical evidence concerning the seasonality and pigmentation of S. jurassica. Seasonal growth cycles are demonstrated by X-ray radiography, which shows differences in calcite density, and by varying δ13C composition of the bands. Temperature variation in the bands is difficult to constrain accurately due to conflicting patterns arising from Mg/Ca molar ratios and δ18O data. Fluctuating chlorine levels indicate increased salinity in the white bands, when combined with the isotope data this suggests more suggestive of marine conditions during formation of the white band and a greater freshwater component (lower chlorinity) during pink band precipitation (δ18O). Increased photosynthesis is inferred within the pink bands in comparison to the white, based on δ13C. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) show the presence of tetramethyl pyrrole, protein moieties and carboxylic acid groups, suggestive of the presence of the red algal pigment phycoerythrin. This is consistent with the pink colour of S. jurassica. As phycoerythrin is only known to occur in algae and cyanobacteria, and no biomarker evidence of bacteria or sponges was detected we conclude S. jurassica is most likely an alga. Pigment analysis may be a reliable classification method for fossil algae.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26367117</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0138305</doi><tpages>e0138305</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1719284623 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Affinity Algae Banding Biochemistry Bioindicators Biology Biomarkers Boron Calcite Calcite crystals Carbonates Carboxylic acids Chemical properties Chlorine Chromatography Coral reefs Cyanobacteria Environmental science Fossils Fourier transforms Gas chromatography Geochemistry GEOSCIENCES Infrared spectroscopy Mass spectrometry Mass Spectrometry - methods Mass spectroscopy Materials science Photosynthesis Phycoerythrin - analysis Pigmentation Pigments Pyrolysis Radiography Respiration Rhodophyta - chemistry Rhodophyta - classification Seasonal variations Seasons Temperature variations X-ray radiography |
| title | Geochemical Evidence of the Seasonality, Affinity and Pigmenation of Solenopora jurassica |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-11-30T12%3A43%3A06IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geochemical%20Evidence%20of%20the%20Seasonality,%20Affinity%20and%20Pigmenation%20of%20Solenopora%20jurassica&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Barden,%20Holly%20E&rft.aucorp=SLAC%20National%20Accelerator%20Laboratory%20(SLAC),%20Menlo%20Park,%20CA%20(United%20States)&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e0138305&rft.epage=e0138305&rft.pages=e0138305-e0138305&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138305&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA428586990%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1719284623&rft_id=info:pmid/26367117&rft_galeid=A428586990&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_e0e83e8a20014800be64e4defc645c51&rfr_iscdi=true |