Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments
Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (...
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| description | Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0-5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433-14,291 at 4-7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd- 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st- 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0136462 |
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We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0-5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433-14,291 at 4-7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd- 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st- 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136462</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26352145</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; Analysis ; Animal Distribution ; Animals ; Apartments ; Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) ; Bedbugs - physiology ; Behavior ; Carbon dioxide ; Cimex lectularius ; Dispersal ; Dispersion ; Dwellings ; Ecological monitoring ; Ecology ; Eradication ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Females ; Furniture ; Genetic diversity ; Hemiptera ; Housing ; Insects ; Interceptors ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Laboratories ; Locomotion ; Longevity ; Male ; Males ; Physiological aspects ; Studies ; Upholstery</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0136462-e0136462</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Cooper et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Cooper et al 2015 Cooper et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f0e19eb8c9e4a900db224e5d279df0c6619c9bdc995747f43281bd19a7d343453</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f0e19eb8c9e4a900db224e5d279df0c6619c9bdc995747f43281bd19a7d343453</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4564232/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4564232/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26352145$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Lazzari, Claudio R.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Changlu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh, Narinderpal</creatorcontrib><title>Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0-5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433-14,291 at 4-7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd- 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st- 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animal Distribution</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apartments</subject><subject>Bed bug (Cimex lectularius)</subject><subject>Bedbugs - physiology</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Cimex lectularius</subject><subject>Dispersal</subject><subject>Dispersion</subject><subject>Dwellings</subject><subject>Ecological monitoring</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Eradication</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Furniture</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Hemiptera</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Interceptors</subject><subject>Interior Design and Furnishings</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Locomotion</subject><subject>Longevity</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Upholstery</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11v0zAUhiMEYmPwDxBYQkLbRYu_8nWD1FUDKnWaVD5uLcc-aV3SuLOdrvx73DWbWrQLlAtHzvO-fs-JT5K8JXhIWE4-LW3nWtkM17aFISYs4xl9lpySktFBRjF7fvB-krzyfolxyoose5mc0IyllPD0NHHX0v0ezKAB6SGuSq5D5wDNYAOy8ehqG6D1ZgPo2m5gBW1AtkaXoNFlN_fofGxWsEUNqNA10pnOo-nwAt2ZsDAtkq1GFYQ7gBaN1tKFnd6_Tl7U0Rre9OtZ8vPL1Y_xt8H05utkPJoOVFbSMKgxkBKqQpXAZYmxrijlkGqal7rGKstIqcpKq7JMc57XnNGCVJqUMteMM56ys-T93nfdWC_6dnlBclJSVhQ5jcRkT2grl2LtzEq6P8JKI-43rJuLGNqoBgQrcM01ZpWOceoiJktJIWkuM4XrClfR63N_WletQKtYqZPNkenxl9YsxNxuBE8zTtkuzHlv4OxtBz6IlfEKmka2YLv73CTljGQ4oh_-QZ-urqfmMhZg2trGc9XOVIx4bBZLcbGjhk9Q8dGwMirerdrE_SPBxZEgMgG2YS4778Xk--z_2Ztfx-zHA3YRb19YeNt0wdjWH4N8DypnvXdQPzaZYLEbjYduiN1oiH40ouzd4Q96FD3MAvsLPJ4Icg</recordid><startdate>20150909</startdate><enddate>20150909</enddate><creator>Cooper, Richard</creator><creator>Wang, Changlu</creator><creator>Singh, Narinderpal</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150909</creationdate><title>Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments</title><author>Cooper, Richard ; Wang, Changlu ; Singh, Narinderpal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f0e19eb8c9e4a900db224e5d279df0c6619c9bdc995747f43281bd19a7d343453</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Animal Distribution</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apartments</topic><topic>Bed bug (Cimex lectularius)</topic><topic>Bedbugs - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cooper, Richard</au><au>Wang, Changlu</au><au>Singh, Narinderpal</au><au>Lazzari, Claudio R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-09-09</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0136462</spage><epage>e0136462</epage><pages>e0136462-e0136462</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0-5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433-14,291 at 4-7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd- 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st- 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26352145</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0136462</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adults Analysis Animal Distribution Animals Apartments Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) Bedbugs - physiology Behavior Carbon dioxide Cimex lectularius Dispersal Dispersion Dwellings Ecological monitoring Ecology Eradication Feeding Behavior Female Females Furniture Genetic diversity Hemiptera Housing Insects Interceptors Interior Design and Furnishings Laboratories Locomotion Longevity Male Males Physiological aspects Studies Upholstery |
| title | Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments |
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