Methodological Aspects of the Potential Use of Dendrochronological Techniques When Analyzing the Long-Term Impact of Tourism on Protected Areas
Intensification of pedestrian tourism causes damage to trees near tourist tracks, and likewise changes the soil structure. As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact o...
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| description | Intensification of pedestrian tourism causes damage to trees near tourist tracks, and likewise changes the soil structure. As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact of tourism on the environment (determined from tree increment dynamics), some methodological problems may occur. It is particularly important in protected areas where law and administrative regulations related to nature conservation force research to be conducted using small samples. In this paper we have analyzed the data collected in the Polish part of the Tatra National Park in the two study plots divided into two zones each: the area directly under the influence of the tourist's trampling and the control group. The aim of such analyses was to present the potential effects of the factors which may affect the results of dendrochronological analysis: (i) small size of samples that affects their representativeness, (ii) spatial differences in the rates of the process, as a result of spatial variability of environmental factors and (iii) temporal differences in the rates of the process. This study confirms that the factors mentioned above could significantly influence the results and should be taken into consideration during the analysis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0136830 |
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As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact of tourism on the environment (determined from tree increment dynamics), some methodological problems may occur. It is particularly important in protected areas where law and administrative regulations related to nature conservation force research to be conducted using small samples. In this paper we have analyzed the data collected in the Polish part of the Tatra National Park in the two study plots divided into two zones each: the area directly under the influence of the tourist's trampling and the control group. The aim of such analyses was to present the potential effects of the factors which may affect the results of dendrochronological analysis: (i) small size of samples that affects their representativeness, (ii) spatial differences in the rates of the process, as a result of spatial variability of environmental factors and (iii) temporal differences in the rates of the process. This study confirms that the factors mentioned above could significantly influence the results and should be taken into consideration during the analysis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136830</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26325062</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Conservation ; Conservation of Natural Resources - methods ; Data processing ; Dendrochronology ; Ecosystem ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental factors ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Forests ; Generalized linear models ; Hiking ; Impact analysis ; Impact damage ; Influence ; Laws, regulations and rules ; Methods ; National parks ; Nature conservation ; Protected areas ; Soil structure ; Spatial variability ; Statistical methods ; Studies ; Tourism ; Tourists ; Trampling ; Travel ; Trees</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-09, Vol.10 (9), p.e0136830-e0136830</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Ciapała, Adamski. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Ciapała, Adamski 2015 Ciapała, Adamski</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f981982f146c6272be9c50cd5a6ff56e2b265f79315c3c8ac5bc1c33c6dd6e363</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f981982f146c6272be9c50cd5a6ff56e2b265f79315c3c8ac5bc1c33c6dd6e363</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556516/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556516/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26325062$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Bond-Lamberty, Ben</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ciapała, Szymon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adamski, Paweł</creatorcontrib><title>Methodological Aspects of the Potential Use of Dendrochronological Techniques When Analyzing the Long-Term Impact of Tourism on Protected Areas</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Intensification of pedestrian tourism causes damage to trees near tourist tracks, and likewise changes the soil structure. As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact of tourism on the environment (determined from tree increment dynamics), some methodological problems may occur. It is particularly important in protected areas where law and administrative regulations related to nature conservation force research to be conducted using small samples. In this paper we have analyzed the data collected in the Polish part of the Tatra National Park in the two study plots divided into two zones each: the area directly under the influence of the tourist's trampling and the control group. The aim of such analyses was to present the potential effects of the factors which may affect the results of dendrochronological analysis: (i) small size of samples that affects their representativeness, (ii) spatial differences in the rates of the process, as a result of spatial variability of environmental factors and (iii) temporal differences in the rates of the process. This study confirms that the factors mentioned above could significantly influence the results and should be taken into consideration during the analysis.</description><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources - methods</subject><subject>Data processing</subject><subject>Dendrochronology</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Generalized linear models</subject><subject>Hiking</subject><subject>Impact analysis</subject><subject>Impact damage</subject><subject>Influence</subject><subject>Laws, regulations and rules</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>National parks</subject><subject>Nature conservation</subject><subject>Protected areas</subject><subject>Soil structure</subject><subject>Spatial variability</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Tourism</subject><subject>Tourists</subject><subject>Trampling</subject><subject>Travel</subject><subject>Trees</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk9uO0zAQhiMEYpeFN0AQCQnBRYsPtZPcIFXLqVLRrqALl5brTBJXiV1sF7G8BK-Ms81WDdoLlAtH4-__Zzz2JMlTjKaYZvjNxu6cke10aw1MEaY8p-hecooLSiacIHr_6P8keeT9BiFGc84fJieEU8IQJ6fJn88QGlva1tZayTad-y2o4FNbpaGB9NIGMEHHjSsPffAdmNJZ1ThrDpoVqMboHzvw6fcGTDqPZV3_1qa-sVhaU09W4Lp00W2lCr3LKtaufZdak166mEIFKNO5A-kfJw8q2Xp4MqxnydWH96vzT5PlxcfF-Xw5UbwgYVIVOS5yUuEZV5xkZA2FYkiVTPKqYhzImnBWZQXFTFGVS8XWCitKFS9LDpTTs-T53nfbWi-GXnqBM4yiL8vySCz2RGnlRmyd7qS7FlZqcROwrhbSBa1aEBwzIJwXnGXVjK9LyWTBOM5na5KXCpfR6-2QbbfuoFSxp062I9PxjtGNqO1PMWOMM9yX-2owcLZvdBCd9graVhqwu75uVNA-J4roi3_Qu083ULWMB9CmsjGv6k3FfEYyTigiOFLTO6j4ldBpFR9epWN8JHg9EkQmwK9Qy533YvH1y_-zF9_G7MsjtgHZhsbbdhe0NX4MzvagctZ7B9WhyRiJfm5uuyH6uRHD3ETZs-MLOohuB4X-BVZ7E7I</recordid><startdate>20150901</startdate><enddate>20150901</enddate><creator>Ciapała, Szymon</creator><creator>Adamski, Paweł</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150901</creationdate><title>Methodological Aspects of the Potential Use of Dendrochronological Techniques When Analyzing the Long-Term Impact of Tourism on Protected Areas</title><author>Ciapała, Szymon ; Adamski, Paweł</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f981982f146c6272be9c50cd5a6ff56e2b265f79315c3c8ac5bc1c33c6dd6e363</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Conservation</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ciapała, Szymon</au><au>Adamski, Paweł</au><au>Bond-Lamberty, Ben</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Methodological Aspects of the Potential Use of Dendrochronological Techniques When Analyzing the Long-Term Impact of Tourism on Protected Areas</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-09-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0136830</spage><epage>e0136830</epage><pages>e0136830-e0136830</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Intensification of pedestrian tourism causes damage to trees near tourist tracks, and likewise changes the soil structure. As a result, one may expect that annual amount of trees growing near tracks is significantly lower than deeper in the forest. However, during the study of the long-term impact of tourism on the environment (determined from tree increment dynamics), some methodological problems may occur. It is particularly important in protected areas where law and administrative regulations related to nature conservation force research to be conducted using small samples. In this paper we have analyzed the data collected in the Polish part of the Tatra National Park in the two study plots divided into two zones each: the area directly under the influence of the tourist's trampling and the control group. The aim of such analyses was to present the potential effects of the factors which may affect the results of dendrochronological analysis: (i) small size of samples that affects their representativeness, (ii) spatial differences in the rates of the process, as a result of spatial variability of environmental factors and (iii) temporal differences in the rates of the process. This study confirms that the factors mentioned above could significantly influence the results and should be taken into consideration during the analysis.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26325062</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0136830</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Conservation Conservation of Natural Resources - methods Data processing Dendrochronology Ecosystem Environmental aspects Environmental factors Environmental impact Environmental Monitoring - methods Forests Generalized linear models Hiking Impact analysis Impact damage Influence Laws, regulations and rules Methods National parks Nature conservation Protected areas Soil structure Spatial variability Statistical methods Studies Tourism Tourists Trampling Travel Trees |
| title | Methodological Aspects of the Potential Use of Dendrochronological Techniques When Analyzing the Long-Term Impact of Tourism on Protected Areas |
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