Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used on Citrus, on the Ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease associated with the bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and has been devastating citrus orchards around the world. Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use...
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| description | Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease associated with the bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and has been devastating citrus orchards around the world. Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use of chemicals has caused pest outbreaks and eliminated the natural enemies of the vector, such as the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston), the main agent for biological control of D. citri. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides recommended for integrated production of citrus on the parasitoid T. radiata. When adult parasitoids were exposed to residues of 25 insecticides, 20% of them, i.e., gamma-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, azadirachtin, tebufenozide and pyriproxyfen, were considered as harmless (Class 1), 12% as slightly harmful (Class 2), 12% as moderately harmful (Class 3) and 56% as harmful (Class 4), according to the classification proposed by the IOBC/WPRS. Afterward, 14 insecticides (5 harmless and 9 harmful) were sprayed on the parasitoid pupae. Of the 14 insecticides tested, only the organophosphates dimethoate and chlorpyrifos affected the parasitoid emergence. The effects of insecticides on the parasitism capacity of adults exposed to residues of azadirachtin, etofenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide (harmless) were also evaluated. Tebufenozide and gamma-cyhalothrin affected the parasitism of the F0 generation, but did not affect the emergence of the F1 and F2 generations. Therefore, for an effective IPM program, selective insecticides or harmful pesticides to adult parasitoids could be used in the field, provided that the adults do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with parasitoid releases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0132128 |
| format | Article |
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Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use of chemicals has caused pest outbreaks and eliminated the natural enemies of the vector, such as the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston), the main agent for biological control of D. citri. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides recommended for integrated production of citrus on the parasitoid T. radiata. When adult parasitoids were exposed to residues of 25 insecticides, 20% of them, i.e., gamma-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, azadirachtin, tebufenozide and pyriproxyfen, were considered as harmless (Class 1), 12% as slightly harmful (Class 2), 12% as moderately harmful (Class 3) and 56% as harmful (Class 4), according to the classification proposed by the IOBC/WPRS. Afterward, 14 insecticides (5 harmless and 9 harmful) were sprayed on the parasitoid pupae. Of the 14 insecticides tested, only the organophosphates dimethoate and chlorpyrifos affected the parasitoid emergence. The effects of insecticides on the parasitism capacity of adults exposed to residues of azadirachtin, etofenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide (harmless) were also evaluated. Tebufenozide and gamma-cyhalothrin affected the parasitism of the F0 generation, but did not affect the emergence of the F1 and F2 generations. Therefore, for an effective IPM program, selective insecticides or harmful pesticides to adult parasitoids could be used in the field, provided that the adults do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with parasitoid releases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132128</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26132327</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; Agriculture ; Agrochemicals ; Analysis ; Animals ; Azadirachtin ; Bacteria ; Biological control ; Biological pest control ; Chemical pest control ; Chlorpyrifos ; Citrus ; Citrus - microbiology ; Citrus fruits ; Citrus greening ; Cyhalothrin ; Dimethoate ; Drug Synergism ; Emergence ; Eulophidae ; Female ; Fertility - drug effects ; Hemiptera - microbiology ; Hemiptera - parasitology ; Hymenoptera ; Insecticides ; Insecticides - toxicity ; Insects ; Laboratories ; Life Cycle Stages ; Natural enemies ; Orchards ; Organophosphates ; Outbreaks ; Oviposition - drug effects ; Parasitism ; Parasitoids ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pest outbreaks ; Pesticides ; Plant bacterial diseases ; Plant Diseases - microbiology ; Plant Diseases - prevention & control ; Plutella xylostella ; Pupa - drug effects ; Pyriproxyfen ; Residues ; Rhizobiaceae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Sublethal effects ; Tamarixia radiata ; Tebufenozide ; Trichogramma ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Trichogrammatidae ; Wasps - drug effects ; Wasps - growth & development</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-07, Vol.10 (7), p.e0132128</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Beloti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Beloti et al 2015 Beloti et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-72e6f3b2a8238ae5470576965eee21024d6b618683246d0e20348b10cc4e327b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-72e6f3b2a8238ae5470576965eee21024d6b618683246d0e20348b10cc4e327b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488444/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488444/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,2932,23875,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26132327$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Wicker-Thomas, Claude</contributor><creatorcontrib>Beloti, Vitor Hugo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alves, Gustavo Rodrigues</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Araújo, Diogo Feliciano Dias</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Picoli, Mateus Manara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moral, Rafael de Andrade</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demétrio, Clarice Garcia Borges</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamamoto, Pedro Takao</creatorcontrib><title>Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used on Citrus, on the Ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease associated with the bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and has been devastating citrus orchards around the world. Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use of chemicals has caused pest outbreaks and eliminated the natural enemies of the vector, such as the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston), the main agent for biological control of D. citri. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides recommended for integrated production of citrus on the parasitoid T. radiata. When adult parasitoids were exposed to residues of 25 insecticides, 20% of them, i.e., gamma-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, azadirachtin, tebufenozide and pyriproxyfen, were considered as harmless (Class 1), 12% as slightly harmful (Class 2), 12% as moderately harmful (Class 3) and 56% as harmful (Class 4), according to the classification proposed by the IOBC/WPRS. Afterward, 14 insecticides (5 harmless and 9 harmful) were sprayed on the parasitoid pupae. 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Therefore, for an effective IPM program, selective insecticides or harmful pesticides to adult parasitoids could be used in the field, provided that the adults do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with parasitoid releases.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Azadirachtin</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biological control</subject><subject>Biological pest control</subject><subject>Chemical pest control</subject><subject>Chlorpyrifos</subject><subject>Citrus</subject><subject>Citrus - microbiology</subject><subject>Citrus fruits</subject><subject>Citrus greening</subject><subject>Cyhalothrin</subject><subject>Dimethoate</subject><subject>Drug Synergism</subject><subject>Emergence</subject><subject>Eulophidae</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fertility - drug effects</subject><subject>Hemiptera - microbiology</subject><subject>Hemiptera - parasitology</subject><subject>Hymenoptera</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Insecticides - toxicity</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Life Cycle Stages</subject><subject>Natural enemies</subject><subject>Orchards</subject><subject>Organophosphates</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Oviposition - drug effects</subject><subject>Parasitism</subject><subject>Parasitoids</subject><subject>Pest Control, Biological</subject><subject>Pest outbreaks</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>Plant bacterial diseases</subject><subject>Plant Diseases - microbiology</subject><subject>Plant Diseases - prevention & control</subject><subject>Plutella xylostella</subject><subject>Pupa - drug effects</subject><subject>Pyriproxyfen</subject><subject>Residues</subject><subject>Rhizobiaceae</subject><subject>Spodoptera frugiperda</subject><subject>Sublethal effects</subject><subject>Tamarixia radiata</subject><subject>Tebufenozide</subject><subject>Trichogramma</subject><subject>Trichogramma pretiosum</subject><subject>Trichogrammatidae</subject><subject>Wasps - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Beloti, Vitor Hugo</au><au>Alves, Gustavo Rodrigues</au><au>Araújo, Diogo Feliciano Dias</au><au>Picoli, Mateus Manara</au><au>Moral, Rafael de Andrade</au><au>Demétrio, Clarice Garcia Borges</au><au>Yamamoto, Pedro Takao</au><au>Wicker-Thomas, Claude</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used on Citrus, on the Ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-07-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0132128</spage><pages>e0132128-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Huanglongbing (HLB) is a disease associated with the bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter spp." and has been devastating citrus orchards around the world. Its management involves control of the insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. However, the indiscriminate use of chemicals has caused pest outbreaks and eliminated the natural enemies of the vector, such as the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston), the main agent for biological control of D. citri. This study assessed the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides recommended for integrated production of citrus on the parasitoid T. radiata. When adult parasitoids were exposed to residues of 25 insecticides, 20% of them, i.e., gamma-cyhalothrin, etofenprox, azadirachtin, tebufenozide and pyriproxyfen, were considered as harmless (Class 1), 12% as slightly harmful (Class 2), 12% as moderately harmful (Class 3) and 56% as harmful (Class 4), according to the classification proposed by the IOBC/WPRS. Afterward, 14 insecticides (5 harmless and 9 harmful) were sprayed on the parasitoid pupae. Of the 14 insecticides tested, only the organophosphates dimethoate and chlorpyrifos affected the parasitoid emergence. The effects of insecticides on the parasitism capacity of adults exposed to residues of azadirachtin, etofenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide (harmless) were also evaluated. Tebufenozide and gamma-cyhalothrin affected the parasitism of the F0 generation, but did not affect the emergence of the F1 and F2 generations. Therefore, for an effective IPM program, selective insecticides or harmful pesticides to adult parasitoids could be used in the field, provided that the adults do not occur naturally and the chemical applications do not coincide with parasitoid releases.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26132327</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0132128</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2015-07, Vol.10 (7), p.e0132128 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1692759907 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adults Agriculture Agrochemicals Analysis Animals Azadirachtin Bacteria Biological control Biological pest control Chemical pest control Chlorpyrifos Citrus Citrus - microbiology Citrus fruits Citrus greening Cyhalothrin Dimethoate Drug Synergism Emergence Eulophidae Female Fertility - drug effects Hemiptera - microbiology Hemiptera - parasitology Hymenoptera Insecticides Insecticides - toxicity Insects Laboratories Life Cycle Stages Natural enemies Orchards Organophosphates Outbreaks Oviposition - drug effects Parasitism Parasitoids Pest Control, Biological Pest outbreaks Pesticides Plant bacterial diseases Plant Diseases - microbiology Plant Diseases - prevention & control Plutella xylostella Pupa - drug effects Pyriproxyfen Residues Rhizobiaceae Spodoptera frugiperda Sublethal effects Tamarixia radiata Tebufenozide Trichogramma Trichogramma pretiosum Trichogrammatidae Wasps - drug effects Wasps - growth & development |
| title | Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used on Citrus, on the Ectoparasitoid Tamarixia radiata |
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