Pullulanase and Starch Synthase III Are Associated with Formation of Vitreous Endosperm in Quality Protein Maize

The opaque-2 (o2) mutation of maize increases lysine content, but the low seed density and soft texture of this type of mutant are undesirable. Lines with modifiers of the soft kernel phenotype (mo2) called "Quality Protein Maize" (QPM) have high lysine and kernel phenotypes similar to nor...

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Veröffentlicht in:PloS one 2015-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0130856-e0130856
Hauptverfasser: Wu, Hao, Clay, Kasi, Thompson, Stephanie S, Hennen-Bierwagen, Tracie A, Andrews, Bethany J, Zechmann, Bernd, Gibbon, Bryan C
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container_title PloS one
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Clay, Kasi
Thompson, Stephanie S
Hennen-Bierwagen, Tracie A
Andrews, Bethany J
Zechmann, Bernd
Gibbon, Bryan C
description The opaque-2 (o2) mutation of maize increases lysine content, but the low seed density and soft texture of this type of mutant are undesirable. Lines with modifiers of the soft kernel phenotype (mo2) called "Quality Protein Maize" (QPM) have high lysine and kernel phenotypes similar to normal maize. Prior research indicated that the formation of vitreous endosperm in QPM might involve changes in starch granule structure. In this study, we focused on analysis of two starch biosynthetic enzymes that may influence kernel vitreousness. Analysis of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of W64Ao2 and K0326Y revealed that pullulanase activity had significant positive correlation with kernel vitreousness. We also found that decreased Starch Synthase III abundance may decrease the pullulanase activity and average glucan chain length given the same Zpu1 genotype. Therefore, Starch Synthase III could indirectly influence the kernel vitreousness by affecting pullulanase activity and coordinating with pullulanase to alter the glucan chain length distribution of amylopectin, resulting in different starch structural properties. The glucan chain length distribution had strong positive correlation with the polydispersity index of glucan chains, which was positively associated with the kernel vitreousness based on nonlinear regression analysis. Therefore, we propose that pullulanase and Starch Synthase III are two important factors responsible for the formation of the vitreous phenotype of QPM endosperms.
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Lines with modifiers of the soft kernel phenotype (mo2) called "Quality Protein Maize" (QPM) have high lysine and kernel phenotypes similar to normal maize. Prior research indicated that the formation of vitreous endosperm in QPM might involve changes in starch granule structure. In this study, we focused on analysis of two starch biosynthetic enzymes that may influence kernel vitreousness. Analysis of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of W64Ao2 and K0326Y revealed that pullulanase activity had significant positive correlation with kernel vitreousness. We also found that decreased Starch Synthase III abundance may decrease the pullulanase activity and average glucan chain length given the same Zpu1 genotype. Therefore, Starch Synthase III could indirectly influence the kernel vitreousness by affecting pullulanase activity and coordinating with pullulanase to alter the glucan chain length distribution of amylopectin, resulting in different starch structural properties. The glucan chain length distribution had strong positive correlation with the polydispersity index of glucan chains, which was positively associated with the kernel vitreousness based on nonlinear regression analysis. 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subjects Amino acids
Amylopectin
Analysis
Biology
Biosynthesis
Chains
Corn
Correlation
Endosperm
Endosperm - metabolism
Enzymes
Gene expression
Genotypes
Glucan
Glycoside Hydrolases - metabolism
Inbreeding
Lysine
Microscopy
Molecular conformation
Mutation
Nonlinear analysis
Phenotypes
Plant Proteins - metabolism
Polydispersity
Polymers
Proteins
Pullulanase
Regression analysis
Starch
Starch synthase
Starch Synthase - metabolism
Starch synthase III
Zea mays - enzymology
title Pullulanase and Starch Synthase III Are Associated with Formation of Vitreous Endosperm in Quality Protein Maize
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