Segregating the Effects of Seed Traits and Common Ancestry of Hardwood Trees on Eastern Gray Squirrel Foraging Decisions
The evolution of specific seed traits in scatter-hoarded tree species often has been attributed to granivore foraging behavior. However, the degree to which foraging investments and seed traits correlate with phylogenetic relationships among trees remains unexplored. We presented seeds of 23 differe...
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| description | The evolution of specific seed traits in scatter-hoarded tree species often has been attributed to granivore foraging behavior. However, the degree to which foraging investments and seed traits correlate with phylogenetic relationships among trees remains unexplored. We presented seeds of 23 different hardwood tree species (families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) to eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and measured the time and distance travelled by squirrels that consumed or cached each seed. We estimated 11 physical and chemical seed traits for each species, and the phylogenetic relationships between the 23 hardwood trees. Variance partitioning revealed that considerable variation in foraging investment was attributable to seed traits alone (27-73%), and combined effects of seed traits and phylogeny of hardwood trees (5-55%). A phylogenetic PCA (pPCA) on seed traits and tree phylogeny resulted in 2 "global" axes of traits that were phylogenetically autocorrelated at the family and genus level and a third "local" axis in which traits were not phylogenetically autocorrelated. Collectively, these axes explained 30-76% of the variation in squirrel foraging investments. The first global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seed species with thin shells, low lipid and high carbohydrate content, was negatively related to time to consume and cache seeds and travel distance to cache. The second global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seeds with high protein, low tannin and low dormancy levels, was an important predictor of consumption time only. The local pPCA axis primarily reflected kernel mass. Although it explained only 12% of the variation in trait space and was not autocorrelated among phylogenetic clades, the local axis was related to all four squirrel foraging investments. Squirrel foraging behaviors are influenced by a combination of phylogenetically conserved and more evolutionarily labile seed traits that is consistent with a weak or more diffuse coevolutionary relationship between rodents and hardwood trees rather than a direct coevolutionary relationship. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0130942 |
| format | Article |
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However, the degree to which foraging investments and seed traits correlate with phylogenetic relationships among trees remains unexplored. We presented seeds of 23 different hardwood tree species (families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) to eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and measured the time and distance travelled by squirrels that consumed or cached each seed. We estimated 11 physical and chemical seed traits for each species, and the phylogenetic relationships between the 23 hardwood trees. Variance partitioning revealed that considerable variation in foraging investment was attributable to seed traits alone (27-73%), and combined effects of seed traits and phylogeny of hardwood trees (5-55%). A phylogenetic PCA (pPCA) on seed traits and tree phylogeny resulted in 2 "global" axes of traits that were phylogenetically autocorrelated at the family and genus level and a third "local" axis in which traits were not phylogenetically autocorrelated. Collectively, these axes explained 30-76% of the variation in squirrel foraging investments. The first global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seed species with thin shells, low lipid and high carbohydrate content, was negatively related to time to consume and cache seeds and travel distance to cache. The second global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seeds with high protein, low tannin and low dormancy levels, was an important predictor of consumption time only. The local pPCA axis primarily reflected kernel mass. Although it explained only 12% of the variation in trait space and was not autocorrelated among phylogenetic clades, the local axis was related to all four squirrel foraging investments. Squirrel foraging behaviors are influenced by a combination of phylogenetically conserved and more evolutionarily labile seed traits that is consistent with a weak or more diffuse coevolutionary relationship between rodents and hardwood trees rather than a direct coevolutionary relationship.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130942</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26110828</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animal behavior ; Animals ; Appetitive Behavior - physiology ; Autocorrelation ; Axes (reference lines) ; Betulaceae ; Biological evolution ; Carbohydrates ; Coevolution ; Dormancy ; Fagaceae ; Feeding Behavior - physiology ; Foraging behavior ; Granivory ; Hardwoods ; Hoarding behavior ; Investments ; Juglandaceae ; Natural resources ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Plant evolution ; Rodents ; Sciuridae - physiology ; Sciurus carolinensis ; Seeds ; Seeds - chemistry ; Species ; Squirrels ; Tannins - analysis ; Thin walled shells ; Trees ; Variation</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0130942-e0130942</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Sundaram et al. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sundaram, Mekala</au><au>Willoughby, Janna R</au><au>Lichti, Nathanael I</au><au>Steele, Michael A</au><au>Swihart, Robert K</au><au>Cao, Heping</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Segregating the Effects of Seed Traits and Common Ancestry of Hardwood Trees on Eastern Gray Squirrel Foraging Decisions</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-06-25</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0130942</spage><epage>e0130942</epage><pages>e0130942-e0130942</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The evolution of specific seed traits in scatter-hoarded tree species often has been attributed to granivore foraging behavior. However, the degree to which foraging investments and seed traits correlate with phylogenetic relationships among trees remains unexplored. We presented seeds of 23 different hardwood tree species (families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae) to eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), and measured the time and distance travelled by squirrels that consumed or cached each seed. We estimated 11 physical and chemical seed traits for each species, and the phylogenetic relationships between the 23 hardwood trees. Variance partitioning revealed that considerable variation in foraging investment was attributable to seed traits alone (27-73%), and combined effects of seed traits and phylogeny of hardwood trees (5-55%). A phylogenetic PCA (pPCA) on seed traits and tree phylogeny resulted in 2 "global" axes of traits that were phylogenetically autocorrelated at the family and genus level and a third "local" axis in which traits were not phylogenetically autocorrelated. Collectively, these axes explained 30-76% of the variation in squirrel foraging investments. The first global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seed species with thin shells, low lipid and high carbohydrate content, was negatively related to time to consume and cache seeds and travel distance to cache. The second global pPCA axis, which produced large scores for seeds with high protein, low tannin and low dormancy levels, was an important predictor of consumption time only. The local pPCA axis primarily reflected kernel mass. Although it explained only 12% of the variation in trait space and was not autocorrelated among phylogenetic clades, the local axis was related to all four squirrel foraging investments. Squirrel foraging behaviors are influenced by a combination of phylogenetically conserved and more evolutionarily labile seed traits that is consistent with a weak or more diffuse coevolutionary relationship between rodents and hardwood trees rather than a direct coevolutionary relationship.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26110828</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0130942</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animal behavior Animals Appetitive Behavior - physiology Autocorrelation Axes (reference lines) Betulaceae Biological evolution Carbohydrates Coevolution Dormancy Fagaceae Feeding Behavior - physiology Foraging behavior Granivory Hardwoods Hoarding behavior Investments Juglandaceae Natural resources Phylogenetics Phylogeny Plant evolution Rodents Sciuridae - physiology Sciurus carolinensis Seeds Seeds - chemistry Species Squirrels Tannins - analysis Thin walled shells Trees Variation |
| title | Segregating the Effects of Seed Traits and Common Ancestry of Hardwood Trees on Eastern Gray Squirrel Foraging Decisions |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-04T03%3A21%3A30IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Segregating%20the%20Effects%20of%20Seed%20Traits%20and%20Common%20Ancestry%20of%20Hardwood%20Trees%20on%20Eastern%20Gray%20Squirrel%20Foraging%20Decisions&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Sundaram,%20Mekala&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=e0130942&rft.epage=e0130942&rft.pages=e0130942-e0130942&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130942&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA419357232%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1691276555&rft_id=info:pmid/26110828&rft_galeid=A419357232&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_7c9fef8f2d1d4dba8ea830f28ad79359&rfr_iscdi=true |