Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn
Propolis is a gummy material produced by honey bees to protect their hives and currently has drawn the attention of researchers due to its broad clinical use. It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar t...
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| description | Propolis is a gummy material produced by honey bees to protect their hives and currently has drawn the attention of researchers due to its broad clinical use. It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar to make propolis. Therefore, propolis samples were collected from bee hives in Riyadh and Al-Bahah, a natural area, Saudi Arabia to determine their compositional characteristics and possible sources of the neutral organic compounds. The samples were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the major compounds were n-alkanes, n-alkenes, methyl n-alkanoates, long chain wax esters, triterpenoids and hopanes. The n-alkanes (ranging from C17 to C40) were significant with relative concentrations varying from 23.8 to 56.8% (mean = 44.9+9.4%) of the total extracts. Their odd carbon preference index (CPI) ranged from 3.6 to 7.7, with a maximum concentration at heptacosane indicating inputs from higher plant vegetation wax. The relative concentrations of the n-alkenes varied from 23.8 to 41.19% (mean = 35.6+5.1%), with CPI = 12.4-31.4, range from C25 to C35 and maximum at tritriacontane. Methyl n-alkanoates, ranged from C12 to C26 as acids, with concentrations from 3.11 to 33.2% (mean = 9.6+9.5%). Long chain wax esters and triterpenoids were minor. The main triterpenoids were α- and β-amyrins, amyrones and amyryl acetates. The presence of hopanes in some total extracts (up to 12.5%) indicated that the bees also collected petroleum derivatives from vicinal asphalt and used that as an additional ingredient to make propolis. Therefore, caution should be taken when considering the chemical compositions of propolis as potential sources of natural products for biological and pharmacological applications. Moreover, beekeepers should be aware of the proper source of propolis in the flight range of their bee colonies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0128311 |
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It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar to make propolis. Therefore, propolis samples were collected from bee hives in Riyadh and Al-Bahah, a natural area, Saudi Arabia to determine their compositional characteristics and possible sources of the neutral organic compounds. The samples were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the major compounds were n-alkanes, n-alkenes, methyl n-alkanoates, long chain wax esters, triterpenoids and hopanes. The n-alkanes (ranging from C17 to C40) were significant with relative concentrations varying from 23.8 to 56.8% (mean = 44.9+9.4%) of the total extracts. Their odd carbon preference index (CPI) ranged from 3.6 to 7.7, with a maximum concentration at heptacosane indicating inputs from higher plant vegetation wax. The relative concentrations of the n-alkenes varied from 23.8 to 41.19% (mean = 35.6+5.1%), with CPI = 12.4-31.4, range from C25 to C35 and maximum at tritriacontane. Methyl n-alkanoates, ranged from C12 to C26 as acids, with concentrations from 3.11 to 33.2% (mean = 9.6+9.5%). Long chain wax esters and triterpenoids were minor. The main triterpenoids were α- and β-amyrins, amyrones and amyryl acetates. The presence of hopanes in some total extracts (up to 12.5%) indicated that the bees also collected petroleum derivatives from vicinal asphalt and used that as an additional ingredient to make propolis. Therefore, caution should be taken when considering the chemical compositions of propolis as potential sources of natural products for biological and pharmacological applications. Moreover, beekeepers should be aware of the proper source of propolis in the flight range of their bee colonies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128311</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26075382</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acetates ; Acetic acid ; Alkanes ; Alkenes ; Animals ; Apiculture ; Apis mellifera ; Asphalt ; Atmosphere - chemistry ; Beekeeping ; Bees ; Chains ; Chemical composition ; Esters ; Food ; Gas chromatography ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Heavy construction ; Honey ; Hopanes ; Hydrocarbons - chemistry ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Natural products ; Organic chemicals ; Organic chemistry ; Organic compounds ; Particulate Matter - chemistry ; Pharmacology ; Propolis ; Propolis - chemistry ; Protective coatings ; Researchers ; Saudi Arabia ; Sediments ; Soil - chemistry ; Studies ; Tracers ; Triterpenoids ; Vegetation ; Waxes</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0128311-e0128311</ispartof><rights>2015 Alqarni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Alqarni et al 2015 Alqarni et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-ce8b36d7aa72696337aae739d448fa130bbe74f1b772b8a7cc6598dfc68204f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-ce8b36d7aa72696337aae739d448fa130bbe74f1b772b8a7cc6598dfc68204f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468070/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468070/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075382$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Bach, Horacio</contributor><creatorcontrib>Alqarni, Abdulaziz S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rushdi, Ahmed I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owayss, Ayman A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raweh, Hael S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Mubarak, Aarif H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simoneit, Bernd R T</creatorcontrib><title>Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Propolis is a gummy material produced by honey bees to protect their hives and currently has drawn the attention of researchers due to its broad clinical use. It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar to make propolis. Therefore, propolis samples were collected from bee hives in Riyadh and Al-Bahah, a natural area, Saudi Arabia to determine their compositional characteristics and possible sources of the neutral organic compounds. The samples were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the major compounds were n-alkanes, n-alkenes, methyl n-alkanoates, long chain wax esters, triterpenoids and hopanes. The n-alkanes (ranging from C17 to C40) were significant with relative concentrations varying from 23.8 to 56.8% (mean = 44.9+9.4%) of the total extracts. Their odd carbon preference index (CPI) ranged from 3.6 to 7.7, with a maximum concentration at heptacosane indicating inputs from higher plant vegetation wax. The relative concentrations of the n-alkenes varied from 23.8 to 41.19% (mean = 35.6+5.1%), with CPI = 12.4-31.4, range from C25 to C35 and maximum at tritriacontane. Methyl n-alkanoates, ranged from C12 to C26 as acids, with concentrations from 3.11 to 33.2% (mean = 9.6+9.5%). Long chain wax esters and triterpenoids were minor. The main triterpenoids were α- and β-amyrins, amyrones and amyryl acetates. The presence of hopanes in some total extracts (up to 12.5%) indicated that the bees also collected petroleum derivatives from vicinal asphalt and used that as an additional ingredient to make propolis. Therefore, caution should be taken when considering the chemical compositions of propolis as potential sources of natural products for biological and pharmacological applications. Moreover, beekeepers should be aware of the proper source of propolis in the flight range of their bee colonies.</description><subject>Acetates</subject><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Alkanes</subject><subject>Alkenes</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apiculture</subject><subject>Apis mellifera</subject><subject>Asphalt</subject><subject>Atmosphere - chemistry</subject><subject>Beekeeping</subject><subject>Bees</subject><subject>Chains</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Esters</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject><subject>Heavy construction</subject><subject>Honey</subject><subject>Hopanes</subject><subject>Hydrocarbons - chemistry</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Natural products</subject><subject>Organic chemicals</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Organic compounds</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - chemistry</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Propolis</subject><subject>Propolis - chemistry</subject><subject>Protective coatings</subject><subject>Researchers</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Soil - chemistry</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Tracers</subject><subject>Triterpenoids</subject><subject>Vegetation</subject><subject>Waxes</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUk1vEzEUtBCIlsA_QGCJCwcS_LW291IpVEArRSqHcOFief2ROtpdL_YuUv49TrOtWsTJI7958-Y9DQBvMVphKvDnfZxSr9vVEHu3QphIivEzcI5rSpacIPr8ET4Dr3LeI1RRyflLcEY4EgWTc_DrJu10HwzcJm1cytCn2MF1Hm51O8LQwx8pDrEN-QjsZJyFzQH-TI3u4VWZfIBfnMuf4HoolM61bfAuabgJff8avPC6ze7N_C7A9tvX7eXVcnPz_fpyvVmaivBxaZxsKLdCa0F4zSktyAlaW8ak15iipnGCedwIQRqphTG8qqX1hkuCmKcL8P4kO7Qxq_kqWWEuZcUERXVhXJ8YNuq9GlLodDqoqIO6-4hpp3Qag2mdoo7oumqsLJ4YJ1Y6oSvhmZU11p7JonUxT5uazlnj-jHp9ono00ofbtUu_lGMcYkEKgIfZ4EUf08uj6oL2ZTD6d7F6c53zQkRxfoCfPiH-v_t2IllUsw5Of9gBiN1TMp9lzomRc1JKW3vHi_y0HQfDfoXd7y8Eg</recordid><startdate>20150615</startdate><enddate>20150615</enddate><creator>Alqarni, Abdulaziz S</creator><creator>Rushdi, Ahmed I</creator><creator>Owayss, Ayman A</creator><creator>Raweh, Hael S</creator><creator>El-Mubarak, Aarif H</creator><creator>Simoneit, Bernd R T</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150615</creationdate><title>Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn</title><author>Alqarni, Abdulaziz S ; Rushdi, Ahmed I ; Owayss, Ayman A ; Raweh, Hael S ; El-Mubarak, Aarif H ; Simoneit, Bernd R T</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-ce8b36d7aa72696337aae739d448fa130bbe74f1b772b8a7cc6598dfc68204f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Acetates</topic><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Alkanes</topic><topic>Alkenes</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Apiculture</topic><topic>Apis mellifera</topic><topic>Asphalt</topic><topic>Atmosphere - chemistry</topic><topic>Beekeeping</topic><topic>Bees</topic><topic>Chains</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Esters</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</topic><topic>Heavy construction</topic><topic>Honey</topic><topic>Hopanes</topic><topic>Hydrocarbons - chemistry</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Natural products</topic><topic>Organic chemicals</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Organic compounds</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - chemistry</topic><topic>Pharmacology</topic><topic>Propolis</topic><topic>Propolis - chemistry</topic><topic>Protective coatings</topic><topic>Researchers</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Soil - chemistry</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Tracers</topic><topic>Triterpenoids</topic><topic>Vegetation</topic><topic>Waxes</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Alqarni, Abdulaziz S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rushdi, Ahmed I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owayss, Ayman A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Raweh, Hael S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>El-Mubarak, Aarif H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Simoneit, Bernd R T</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Alqarni, Abdulaziz S</au><au>Rushdi, Ahmed I</au><au>Owayss, Ayman A</au><au>Raweh, Hael S</au><au>El-Mubarak, Aarif H</au><au>Simoneit, Bernd R T</au><au>Bach, Horacio</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-06-15</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0128311</spage><epage>e0128311</epage><pages>e0128311-e0128311</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Propolis is a gummy material produced by honey bees to protect their hives and currently has drawn the attention of researchers due to its broad clinical use. It has been reported, based only on observations, that honey bees also collect other non-vegetation substances such as paint or asphalt/tar to make propolis. Therefore, propolis samples were collected from bee hives in Riyadh and Al-Bahah, a natural area, Saudi Arabia to determine their compositional characteristics and possible sources of the neutral organic compounds. The samples were extracted with hexane and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the major compounds were n-alkanes, n-alkenes, methyl n-alkanoates, long chain wax esters, triterpenoids and hopanes. The n-alkanes (ranging from C17 to C40) were significant with relative concentrations varying from 23.8 to 56.8% (mean = 44.9+9.4%) of the total extracts. Their odd carbon preference index (CPI) ranged from 3.6 to 7.7, with a maximum concentration at heptacosane indicating inputs from higher plant vegetation wax. The relative concentrations of the n-alkenes varied from 23.8 to 41.19% (mean = 35.6+5.1%), with CPI = 12.4-31.4, range from C25 to C35 and maximum at tritriacontane. Methyl n-alkanoates, ranged from C12 to C26 as acids, with concentrations from 3.11 to 33.2% (mean = 9.6+9.5%). Long chain wax esters and triterpenoids were minor. The main triterpenoids were α- and β-amyrins, amyrones and amyryl acetates. The presence of hopanes in some total extracts (up to 12.5%) indicated that the bees also collected petroleum derivatives from vicinal asphalt and used that as an additional ingredient to make propolis. Therefore, caution should be taken when considering the chemical compositions of propolis as potential sources of natural products for biological and pharmacological applications. Moreover, beekeepers should be aware of the proper source of propolis in the flight range of their bee colonies.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26075382</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0128311</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| subjects | Acetates Acetic acid Alkanes Alkenes Animals Apiculture Apis mellifera Asphalt Atmosphere - chemistry Beekeeping Bees Chains Chemical composition Esters Food Gas chromatography Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Heavy construction Honey Hopanes Hydrocarbons - chemistry Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Natural products Organic chemicals Organic chemistry Organic compounds Particulate Matter - chemistry Pharmacology Propolis Propolis - chemistry Protective coatings Researchers Saudi Arabia Sediments Soil - chemistry Studies Tracers Triterpenoids Vegetation Waxes |
| title | Organic Tracers from Asphalt in Propolis Produced by Urban Honey Bees, Apis mellifera Linn |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-11T03%3A28%3A40IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Organic%20Tracers%20from%20Asphalt%20in%20Propolis%20Produced%20by%20Urban%20Honey%20Bees,%20Apis%20mellifera%20Linn&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Alqarni,%20Abdulaziz%20S&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=e0128311&rft.epage=e0128311&rft.pages=e0128311-e0128311&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0128311&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E1689622747%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1688547309&rft_id=info:pmid/26075382&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_3e2a95bd88b3462d8e7a57f4d891af48&rfr_iscdi=true |