Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis
Children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds are at greater risk of a range of negative outcomes throughout their life course than their peers; however the specific mechanisms by which socioeconomic status relates to different health outcomes in childhood are as yet unclear. The current stu...
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| description | Children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds are at greater risk of a range of negative outcomes throughout their life course than their peers; however the specific mechanisms by which socioeconomic status relates to different health outcomes in childhood are as yet unclear.
The current study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and investigates putative mediators of this association in a longitudinal population-based birth cohort in the UK.
Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children was used (n = 8,132) to explore the relationship between different measures of socioeconomic status at birth-3 years and their association with a diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. A multiple mediation model was utilised to examine factors occurring between these ages that may mediate the association.
Financial difficulties, housing tenure, maternal age at birth of child and marital status were significantly associated with an outcome of ADHD, such that families either living in financial difficulty, living in council housing, with younger or single mothers' were more likely to have a child with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. Financial difficulties was the strongest predictor of ADHD (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.57-3.16). In the multiple mediation model, involvement in parenting at age 6 and presence of adversity at age 2-4 mediated 27.8% of the association.
Socioeconomic disadvantage, conceptualised as reported difficulty in affording basic necessities (e.g. heating, food) has both direct and indirect impacts on a child's risk of ADHD. Lower levels of parent involvement mediates this association, as does presence of adversity; with children exposed to adversity and those with less involved parents being at an increased risk of having ADHD. This study highlights the importance of home and environmental factors as small but important contributors toward the aetiology of ADHD. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0128248 |
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The current study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and investigates putative mediators of this association in a longitudinal population-based birth cohort in the UK.
Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children was used (n = 8,132) to explore the relationship between different measures of socioeconomic status at birth-3 years and their association with a diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. A multiple mediation model was utilised to examine factors occurring between these ages that may mediate the association.
Financial difficulties, housing tenure, maternal age at birth of child and marital status were significantly associated with an outcome of ADHD, such that families either living in financial difficulty, living in council housing, with younger or single mothers' were more likely to have a child with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. Financial difficulties was the strongest predictor of ADHD (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.57-3.16). In the multiple mediation model, involvement in parenting at age 6 and presence of adversity at age 2-4 mediated 27.8% of the association.
Socioeconomic disadvantage, conceptualised as reported difficulty in affording basic necessities (e.g. heating, food) has both direct and indirect impacts on a child's risk of ADHD. Lower levels of parent involvement mediates this association, as does presence of adversity; with children exposed to adversity and those with less involved parents being at an increased risk of having ADHD. This study highlights the importance of home and environmental factors as small but important contributors toward the aetiology of ADHD.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128248</identifier><identifier>PMID: 26030626</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Addictive behaviors ; Adult ; Age ; Analysis ; Archives & records ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology ; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ; Behavior disorders ; Child ; Child development ; Child, Preschool ; Childbirth & labor ; Children ; Children & youth ; Cohort Studies ; Correlation analysis ; Diagnosis ; Drug abuse ; Educational attainment ; Educational Status ; Environmental factors ; Families & family life ; Family ; Female ; Housing ; Humans ; Hyperactivity ; Income - statistics & numerical data ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mediation ; Medical research ; Mental depression ; Mental health ; Mental Health - statistics & numerical data ; Models, Statistical ; Occupations - statistics & numerical data ; Parents ; Parents & parenting ; Pediatrics ; Population ; Pregnancy ; Psychiatry ; Risk ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic factors ; Socioeconomics ; Studies]]></subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-06, Vol.10 (6), p.e0128248</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Russell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Russell et al 2015 Russell et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e3a3c2206f8c7e5b0ba69e9069b9730670fa28acabe233de537ee4485117e2873</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e3a3c2206f8c7e5b0ba69e9069b9730670fa28acabe233de537ee4485117e2873</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451079/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4451079/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030626$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Eapen, Valsamma</contributor><creatorcontrib>Russell, Abigail Emma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ford, Tamsin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Russell, Ginny</creatorcontrib><title>Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Children from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds are at greater risk of a range of negative outcomes throughout their life course than their peers; however the specific mechanisms by which socioeconomic status relates to different health outcomes in childhood are as yet unclear.
The current study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and investigates putative mediators of this association in a longitudinal population-based birth cohort in the UK.
Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children was used (n = 8,132) to explore the relationship between different measures of socioeconomic status at birth-3 years and their association with a diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. A multiple mediation model was utilised to examine factors occurring between these ages that may mediate the association.
Financial difficulties, housing tenure, maternal age at birth of child and marital status were significantly associated with an outcome of ADHD, such that families either living in financial difficulty, living in council housing, with younger or single mothers' were more likely to have a child with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. Financial difficulties was the strongest predictor of ADHD (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.57-3.16). In the multiple mediation model, involvement in parenting at age 6 and presence of adversity at age 2-4 mediated 27.8% of the association.
Socioeconomic disadvantage, conceptualised as reported difficulty in affording basic necessities (e.g. heating, food) has both direct and indirect impacts on a child's risk of ADHD. Lower levels of parent involvement mediates this association, as does presence of adversity; with children exposed to adversity and those with less involved parents being at an increased risk of having ADHD. This study highlights the importance of home and environmental factors as small but important contributors toward the aetiology of ADHD.</description><subject>Addictive behaviors</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Archives & records</subject><subject>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology</subject><subject>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</subject><subject>Behavior disorders</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Childbirth & labor</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Family</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperactivity</subject><subject>Income - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mediation</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Mental Health - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Models, Statistical</subject><subject>Occupations - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Parents</subject><subject>Parents & parenting</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl2L1DAUhoso7rr6D0QLguDFjPlqku6FUHZdZ2BlwVVvw2madjK0zZi06v57szvdZQoKkot8Pe-bw8mbJC8xWmIq8PutG30P7XLnerNEmEjC5KPkGOeULDhB9PHB-ih5FsIWoYxKzp8mR4Qjijjhx8nq2mnrjHa966xOixDiHgbr-pD-ssMmLc5X56fphe0r2zchrb3rUkg_m2pPpUWs4SbY8Dx5UkMbzItpPkm-XXz8erZaXF59Wp8VlwvNczIsDAWqCUG8llqYrEQl8NzkiOdlLmJNAtVAJGgoDaG0MhkVxjAmM4yFIVLQk-T13nfXuqCmJgSFuWR5nlGWRWK9JyoHW7XztgN_oxxYdXfgfKPAD1a3RtGSg64EqzTRjHAmRcnrGkpZVgxITaLXh-m1sexMpU0_eGhnpvOb3m5U434qxjKMRB4N3kwG3v0YTRj-UfJENRCrsn3topnubNCqYIRKmvGMR2r5FyqOysS_izGobTyfCd7NBJEZzO-hgTEEtb7-8v_s1fc5-_aA3Rhoh01w7XgXmznI9qD2LgRv6ofOYaRuU3zfDXWbYjWlOMpeHXb9QXQfW_oHVPbsNg</recordid><startdate>20150601</startdate><enddate>20150601</enddate><creator>Russell, Abigail Emma</creator><creator>Ford, Tamsin</creator><creator>Russell, Ginny</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150601</creationdate><title>Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis</title><author>Russell, Abigail Emma ; Ford, Tamsin ; Russell, Ginny</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e3a3c2206f8c7e5b0ba69e9069b9730670fa28acabe233de537ee4485117e2873</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Addictive behaviors</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Archives & records</topic><topic>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology</topic><topic>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</topic><topic>Behavior disorders</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child development</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Childbirth & labor</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Educational attainment</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Family</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Housing</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperactivity</topic><topic>Income - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mediation</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Mental health</topic><topic>Mental Health - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Models, Statistical</topic><topic>Occupations - 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The current study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and investigates putative mediators of this association in a longitudinal population-based birth cohort in the UK.
Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children was used (n = 8,132) to explore the relationship between different measures of socioeconomic status at birth-3 years and their association with a diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. A multiple mediation model was utilised to examine factors occurring between these ages that may mediate the association.
Financial difficulties, housing tenure, maternal age at birth of child and marital status were significantly associated with an outcome of ADHD, such that families either living in financial difficulty, living in council housing, with younger or single mothers' were more likely to have a child with a research diagnosis of ADHD at age 7. Financial difficulties was the strongest predictor of ADHD (OR 2.23 95% CI 1.57-3.16). In the multiple mediation model, involvement in parenting at age 6 and presence of adversity at age 2-4 mediated 27.8% of the association.
Socioeconomic disadvantage, conceptualised as reported difficulty in affording basic necessities (e.g. heating, food) has both direct and indirect impacts on a child's risk of ADHD. Lower levels of parent involvement mediates this association, as does presence of adversity; with children exposed to adversity and those with less involved parents being at an increased risk of having ADHD. This study highlights the importance of home and environmental factors as small but important contributors toward the aetiology of ADHD.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>26030626</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0128248</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Addictive behaviors Adult Age Analysis Archives & records Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Behavior disorders Child Child development Child, Preschool Childbirth & labor Children Children & youth Cohort Studies Correlation analysis Diagnosis Drug abuse Educational attainment Educational Status Environmental factors Families & family life Family Female Housing Humans Hyperactivity Income - statistics & numerical data Infant Infant, Newborn Longitudinal Studies Male Mediation Medical research Mental depression Mental health Mental Health - statistics & numerical data Models, Statistical Occupations - statistics & numerical data Parents Parents & parenting Pediatrics Population Pregnancy Psychiatry Risk Social Class Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomics Studies |
| title | Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis |
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