Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with "Auxin-Like" Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways
There is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticide...
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| description | There is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. This herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unknown. In this study, we have used Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (Rlv) as a nitrogen fixing, beneficial model soil organism to characterize the effects of 2,4-D. Using metabolomics and advanced microscopy we determined specific target pathways in the Rlv metabolic network and consequent changes to its phenotype, surface ultrastructure, and physical properties during sublethal 2,4-D exposure. Auxin and 2,4-D, its structural analogue, showed common morphological changes in vitro which were similar to bacteroids isolated from plant nodules, implying that these changes are related to bacteroid differentiation required for nitrogen fixation. Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0123813 |
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The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. This herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unknown. In this study, we have used Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (Rlv) as a nitrogen fixing, beneficial model soil organism to characterize the effects of 2,4-D. Using metabolomics and advanced microscopy we determined specific target pathways in the Rlv metabolic network and consequent changes to its phenotype, surface ultrastructure, and physical properties during sublethal 2,4-D exposure. Auxin and 2,4-D, its structural analogue, showed common morphological changes in vitro which were similar to bacteroids isolated from plant nodules, implying that these changes are related to bacteroid differentiation required for nitrogen fixation. Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123813</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25919284</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>2,4-D ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - pharmacology ; Acids ; Adaptation, Biological ; Agrochemicals ; Anthropogenic factors ; Auxins ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Bacteria ; Bacteroids ; Bioindicators ; Biomarkers ; Burkholderia ; Chemical pollutants ; Chemical pollution ; Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; Environmental effects ; Environmental stress ; Escherichia coli ; Growth regulators ; Herbicides ; Herbicides - pharmacology ; Indoleacetic Acids - chemistry ; Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism ; Legumes ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways - drug effects ; Metabolic pathways ; Metabolism ; Metabolomics ; Microscopy ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules ; Oxidative stress ; Pesticides ; Physical properties ; Pollutants ; Rhizobium leguminosarum - drug effects ; Rhizobium leguminosarum - physiology ; Rhizobium leguminosarum - ultrastructure ; Soil bacteria ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil microorganisms ; Soils ; Ultrastructure ; Water pollution effects</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-04, Vol.10 (4), p.e0123813-e0123813</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Bhat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Bhat et al 2015 Bhat et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d59a5999c058ba17d1f34ae6037596e7764ff98f2c61ce9036473c7e0805eeb83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d59a5999c058ba17d1f34ae6037596e7764ff98f2c61ce9036473c7e0805eeb83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4412571/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4412571/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919284$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bhat, Supriya V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Booth, Sean C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGrath, Seamus G K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dahms, Tanya E S</creatorcontrib><title>Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with "Auxin-Like" Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>There is a growing need to characterize the effects of environmental stressors at the molecular level on model organisms with the ever increasing number and variety of anthropogenic chemical pollutants. 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Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria.</description><subject>2,4-D</subject><subject>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Adaptation, Biological</subject><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Auxins</subject><subject>Azospirillum brasilense</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteroids</subject><subject>Bioindicators</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Burkholderia</subject><subject>Chemical pollutants</subject><subject>Chemical pollution</subject><subject>Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid</subject><subject>Environmental effects</subject><subject>Environmental stress</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Growth regulators</subject><subject>Herbicides</subject><subject>Herbicides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Indoleacetic Acids - chemistry</subject><subject>Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism</subject><subject>Legumes</subject><subject>Metabolic Networks and Pathways - drug effects</subject><subject>Metabolic pathways</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Metabolomics</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Nitrogen fixation</subject><subject>Nodules</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Pesticides</subject><subject>Physical properties</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Rhizobium leguminosarum - drug effects</subject><subject>Rhizobium leguminosarum - physiology</subject><subject>Rhizobium leguminosarum - ultrastructure</subject><subject>Soil bacteria</subject><subject>Soil Microbiology</subject><subject>Soil microorganisms</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Ultrastructure</subject><subject>Water pollution effects</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk99u0zAUxiMEYmPwBgisISGQ1mLHzh_fIFVlwKRNQ4NxaznOSeLNsUOcdCtvx5vhrt20ol2gXCRxft93fL74RNFLgqeEZuTDhRt7K820cxammMQ0J_RRtEs4jSdpjOnje8870TPvLzBOaJ6mT6OdOOGExznbjf6cNfq3K_TYIgP12GrrvOzDW7GYooVWWgKiOSNoVspu8GhwKD5gk09aNcb1rmvAuuulVDBohWZKl-hKDw3an43X2k6O9SXsoxPXd40zrtZKGjRvpK3BH6A5GIMO7QKM6wCdQetKMNrWSNoSnXd92I6Rg3YWuSrAduiD-gQGWTgTin2TQ3Mll_559KSSxsOLzX0vOv98-GP-dXJ8-uVoPjueqJTHw6RMuEw45woneSFJVpKKMgkpplnCU8iylFUVz6tYpUQBxzRlGVUZ4BwnAEVO96LXa9_OOC826XtB0iylNGN0RRytidLJC9H1upX9Ujipxc2C62sh-5CTARGDjAugrChxxRIOOWcxJApnlAGuKhW8Pm6qjUULpVq3v2W6_cXqRtRuIRgjcZKRYPBuY9C7XyP4QbTaqxC5tODGm31nOU9wkgX0zT_ow91tqFqGBrStXKirVqZixmLC8jylLFDTB6hwldBqFY5qpcP6luD9liAwA1wPtRy9F0ffz_6fPf25zb69xzYgzdB4Z8bVgfLbIFuDqnfe91DdhUywWE3abRpiNWliM2lB9ur-D7oT3Y4W_QtEviUf</recordid><startdate>20150428</startdate><enddate>20150428</enddate><creator>Bhat, Supriya V</creator><creator>Booth, Sean C</creator><creator>McGrath, Seamus G K</creator><creator>Dahms, Tanya E S</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150428</creationdate><title>Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with "Auxin-Like" Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways</title><author>Bhat, Supriya V ; Booth, Sean C ; McGrath, Seamus G K ; Dahms, Tanya E S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-d59a5999c058ba17d1f34ae6037596e7764ff98f2c61ce9036473c7e0805eeb83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>2,4-D</topic><topic>2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - pharmacology</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Adaptation, Biological</topic><topic>Agrochemicals</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Auxins</topic><topic>Azospirillum brasilense</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacteroids</topic><topic>Bioindicators</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Burkholderia</topic><topic>Chemical pollutants</topic><topic>Chemical pollution</topic><topic>Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid</topic><topic>Environmental effects</topic><topic>Environmental stress</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Growth regulators</topic><topic>Herbicides</topic><topic>Herbicides - pharmacology</topic><topic>Indoleacetic Acids - chemistry</topic><topic>Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism</topic><topic>Legumes</topic><topic>Metabolic Networks and Pathways - drug effects</topic><topic>Metabolic pathways</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Metabolomics</topic><topic>Microscopy</topic><topic>Nitrogen fixation</topic><topic>Nodules</topic><topic>Oxidative stress</topic><topic>Pesticides</topic><topic>Physical properties</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Rhizobium leguminosarum - 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The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), as one of the most widely applied pesticides in the world, is one such example. This herbicide is known to have non-targeted undesirable effects on humans, animals and soil microbes, but specific molecular targets at sublethal levels are unknown. In this study, we have used Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 (Rlv) as a nitrogen fixing, beneficial model soil organism to characterize the effects of 2,4-D. Using metabolomics and advanced microscopy we determined specific target pathways in the Rlv metabolic network and consequent changes to its phenotype, surface ultrastructure, and physical properties during sublethal 2,4-D exposure. Auxin and 2,4-D, its structural analogue, showed common morphological changes in vitro which were similar to bacteroids isolated from plant nodules, implying that these changes are related to bacteroid differentiation required for nitrogen fixation. Rlv showed remarkable adaptation capabilities in response to the herbicide, with changes to integral pathways of cellular metabolism and the potential to assimilate 2,4-D with consequent changes to its physical and structural properties. This study identifies biomarkers of 2,4-D in Rlv and offers valuable insights into the mode-of-action of 2,4-D in soil bacteria.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25919284</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0123813</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2015-04, Vol.10 (4), p.e0123813-e0123813 |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid - pharmacology Acids Adaptation, Biological Agrochemicals Anthropogenic factors Auxins Azospirillum brasilense Bacteria Bacteroids Bioindicators Biomarkers Burkholderia Chemical pollutants Chemical pollution Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Environmental effects Environmental stress Escherichia coli Growth regulators Herbicides Herbicides - pharmacology Indoleacetic Acids - chemistry Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism Legumes Metabolic Networks and Pathways - drug effects Metabolic pathways Metabolism Metabolomics Microscopy Nitrogen fixation Nodules Oxidative stress Pesticides Physical properties Pollutants Rhizobium leguminosarum - drug effects Rhizobium leguminosarum - physiology Rhizobium leguminosarum - ultrastructure Soil bacteria Soil Microbiology Soil microorganisms Soils Ultrastructure Water pollution effects |
| title | Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 Adapts to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with "Auxin-Like" Morphological Changes, Cell Envelope Remodeling and Upregulation of Central Metabolic Pathways |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-13T16%3A59%3A54IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rhizobium%20leguminosarum%20bv.%20viciae%203841%20Adapts%20to%202,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic%20Acid%20with%20%22Auxin-Like%22%20Morphological%20Changes,%20Cell%20Envelope%20Remodeling%20and%20Upregulation%20of%20Central%20Metabolic%20Pathways&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Bhat,%20Supriya%20V&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0123813&rft.epage=e0123813&rft.pages=e0123813-e0123813&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123813&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA421488634%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1676337438&rft_id=info:pmid/25919284&rft_galeid=A421488634&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_2ea2be34bd0f459e8942e5c0734e0ffc&rfr_iscdi=true |