Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration
Astrocytes outnumber neurons and serve many metabolic and trophic functions in the mammalian brain. Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an al...
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| creator | Roy Choudhury, Gourav Winters, Ali Rich, Ryan M Ryou, Myoung-Gwi Gryczynski, Zygmunt Yuan, Fang Yang, Shao-Hua Liu, Ran |
| description | Astrocytes outnumber neurons and serve many metabolic and trophic functions in the mammalian brain. Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0123096 |
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Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123096</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25848957</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis ; Aging ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes ; Astrocytes - drug effects ; Astrocytes - physiology ; Bioenergetics ; Brain ; Brain injuries ; Brain injury ; Brain research ; Cell death ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Respiration - drug effects ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular manufacture ; Cytoprotection ; Deprivation ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Energy ; Glucose ; Glucose - metabolism ; Glycogen - biosynthesis ; Head injuries ; Hexokinase - metabolism ; Immunology ; Ischemia ; Metabolism ; Methylene blue ; Methylene Blue - pharmacology ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurodegeneration ; Neurological disorders ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology ; Neurosciences ; Neurosurgery ; Oxygen ; Oxygen - metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Pharmacology ; Physiological aspects ; Physiology ; Respiration ; Science ; Stroke</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-04, Vol.10 (4), p.e0123096-e0123096</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Roy Choudhury et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Roy Choudhury et al 2015 Roy Choudhury et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f75b17f7272fa3d6a5737e95b42c269e69ca3fd81ba34e09f15e2d1a0ca1b4463</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f75b17f7272fa3d6a5737e95b42c269e69ca3fd81ba34e09f15e2d1a0ca1b4463</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388695/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4388695/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25848957$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Roy Choudhury, Gourav</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Winters, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rich, Ryan M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ryou, Myoung-Gwi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gryczynski, Zygmunt</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yuan, Fang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Shao-Hua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Ran</creatorcontrib><title>Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Astrocytes outnumber neurons and serve many metabolic and trophic functions in the mammalian brain. Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration.</description><subject>Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Astrocytes</subject><subject>Astrocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>Astrocytes - physiology</subject><subject>Bioenergetics</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain injuries</subject><subject>Brain injury</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cell death</subject><subject>Cell Hypoxia</subject><subject>Cell Respiration - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Survival</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Cellular manufacture</subject><subject>Cytoprotection</subject><subject>Deprivation</subject><subject>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>Glycogen - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Head injuries</subject><subject>Hexokinase - metabolism</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Ischemia</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Methylene blue</subject><subject>Methylene Blue - pharmacology</subject><subject>Mice, Inbred C57BL</subject><subject>Neurodegeneration</subject><subject>Neurological disorders</subject><subject>Neurons</subject><subject>Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Neurosurgery</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Oxygen - metabolism</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11r2zAUhs3YWLtu_2BshsHYLpLpy5Z9MyhlH4GOwr5uhSwfOQqKlUlyaP795MQtyejFEEhCet5XOkc6WfYSozmmHH9YucH30s43roc5woSiunyUneOakllJEH18ND_LnoWwQqigVVk-zc5IUbGqLvh51n2DuNxZ6CFv7AD5xrsIKoZchuid2kVI006aPsS8s4NyAXJ3u-ugz1vYeLOV0bg-b3a5WSft1vRdrsDawUqfewgb4_fE8-yJljbAi2m8yH59_vTz6uvs-ubL4uryeqbKmsSZ5kWDueaEEy1pW8qCUw510TCiSFlDWStJdVvhRlIGqNa4ANJiiZTEDWMlvcheH3w31gUx5SgIXHKMMEOEJmJxIFonVyKFsJZ-J5w0Yr_gfCekj0ZZEMBZWRcMKWiANVo3RaubEqeOU00BktfH6bShWUOroI9e2hPT053eLEXntoLRqkrWyeDdZODdnwFCFGsTxvzJHtywvzdBNa4rntA3_6APRzdRnUwBmF67dK4aTcUlIzXnVcFGav4AlVoLa6PSh9ImrZ8I3p8IEhPhNnZyCEEsfnz_f_bm9yn79ohdgrRxGZwdxi8TTkF2AJV3IXjQ90nGSIz1cJcNMdaDmOohyV4dP9C96K4A6F_rkgjw</recordid><startdate>20150407</startdate><enddate>20150407</enddate><creator>Roy Choudhury, Gourav</creator><creator>Winters, Ali</creator><creator>Rich, Ryan M</creator><creator>Ryou, Myoung-Gwi</creator><creator>Gryczynski, Zygmunt</creator><creator>Yuan, Fang</creator><creator>Yang, Shao-Hua</creator><creator>Liu, Ran</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150407</creationdate><title>Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration</title><author>Roy Choudhury, Gourav ; Winters, Ali ; Rich, Ryan M ; Ryou, Myoung-Gwi ; Gryczynski, Zygmunt ; Yuan, Fang ; Yang, Shao-Hua ; Liu, Ran</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-f75b17f7272fa3d6a5737e95b42c269e69ca3fd81ba34e09f15e2d1a0ca1b4463</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adenosine Triphosphate - 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Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25848957</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0123096</doi><tpages>e0123096</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis Aging Animals Apoptosis Astrocytes Astrocytes - drug effects Astrocytes - physiology Bioenergetics Brain Brain injuries Brain injury Brain research Cell death Cell Hypoxia Cell Respiration - drug effects Cell Survival Cells, Cultured Cellular manufacture Cytoprotection Deprivation Drug Evaluation, Preclinical Energy Glucose Glucose - metabolism Glycogen - biosynthesis Head injuries Hexokinase - metabolism Immunology Ischemia Metabolism Methylene blue Methylene Blue - pharmacology Mice, Inbred C57BL Neurodegeneration Neurological disorders Neurons Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology Neurosciences Neurosurgery Oxygen Oxygen - metabolism Oxygen Consumption Pharmacology Physiological aspects Physiology Respiration Science Stroke |
| title | Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration |
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