Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children
Aerobic fitness has been shown to have several beneficial effects on child health. However, research on its relationship with academic performance has been limited, particularly in developing countries and among undernourished populations. This study examined the association between aerobic fitness...
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| description | Aerobic fitness has been shown to have several beneficial effects on child health. However, research on its relationship with academic performance has been limited, particularly in developing countries and among undernourished populations. This study examined the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement in clinically healthy but nutritionally compromised Indian school-aged children and assessed whether micronutrient status affects this association. 273 participants, aged 7 to 10.5 years, were enrolled from three primary schools in Bangalore, India. Data on participants' aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle test), demographics, anthropometry, diet, physical activity, and micronutrient status were abstracted. School-wide exam scores in mathematics and Kannada language served as indicators of academic performance and were standardized by grade level. The strength of the fitness/achievement association was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation, multiple variable logistic regression, and multi-level models. Significant positive correlations between aerobic capacity (VO2 peak) and academic scores in math and Kannada were observed (P < 0.05). After standardizing scores across grade levels and adjusting for school, gender, socioeconomic status, and weight status (BMI Z-score), children with greater aerobic capacities (mL * kg(-1) * min(-1)) had greater odds of scoring above average on math and Kannada exams (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.15 and OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.18, respectively). This association remained significant after adjusting for micronutrient deficiencies. These findings provide preliminary evidence of a fitness/achievement association in Indian children. While the mechanisms by which aerobic fitness may be linked to academic achievement require further investigation, the results suggest that educators and policymakers should consider the adequacy of opportunities for physical activity and fitness in schools for both their physical and potential academic benefits. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0122487 |
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However, research on its relationship with academic performance has been limited, particularly in developing countries and among undernourished populations. This study examined the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement in clinically healthy but nutritionally compromised Indian school-aged children and assessed whether micronutrient status affects this association. 273 participants, aged 7 to 10.5 years, were enrolled from three primary schools in Bangalore, India. Data on participants' aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle test), demographics, anthropometry, diet, physical activity, and micronutrient status were abstracted. School-wide exam scores in mathematics and Kannada language served as indicators of academic performance and were standardized by grade level. The strength of the fitness/achievement association was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation, multiple variable logistic regression, and multi-level models. Significant positive correlations between aerobic capacity (VO2 peak) and academic scores in math and Kannada were observed (P < 0.05). After standardizing scores across grade levels and adjusting for school, gender, socioeconomic status, and weight status (BMI Z-score), children with greater aerobic capacities (mL * kg(-1) * min(-1)) had greater odds of scoring above average on math and Kannada exams (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.15 and OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.18, respectively). This association remained significant after adjusting for micronutrient deficiencies. These findings provide preliminary evidence of a fitness/achievement association in Indian children. 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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Desai et al 2015 Desai et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-d996b24de69c7dc01763685f6af573a8db1b2e5533420eb5e0eb725c70c611503</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-d996b24de69c7dc01763685f6af573a8db1b2e5533420eb5e0eb725c70c611503</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373687/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373687/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25806824$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Desai, Ishaan K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurpad, Anura V</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chomitz, Virginia R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Tinku</creatorcontrib><title>Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Aerobic fitness has been shown to have several beneficial effects on child health. However, research on its relationship with academic performance has been limited, particularly in developing countries and among undernourished populations. This study examined the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement in clinically healthy but nutritionally compromised Indian school-aged children and assessed whether micronutrient status affects this association. 273 participants, aged 7 to 10.5 years, were enrolled from three primary schools in Bangalore, India. Data on participants' aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle test), demographics, anthropometry, diet, physical activity, and micronutrient status were abstracted. School-wide exam scores in mathematics and Kannada language served as indicators of academic performance and were standardized by grade level. The strength of the fitness/achievement association was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation, multiple variable logistic regression, and multi-level models. 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While the mechanisms by which aerobic fitness may be linked to academic achievement require further investigation, the results suggest that educators and policymakers should consider the adequacy of opportunities for physical activity and fitness in schools for both their physical and potential academic benefits.</description><subject>Academic achievement</subject><subject>Achievement</subject><subject>Adequacy</subject><subject>Aerobic capacity</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Anthropometry</subject><subject>Body mass</subject><subject>Cardiorespiratory fitness</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Correlation</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Educational Measurement</subject><subject>Educational Status</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Exercise Test</subject><subject>Family medical history</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Micronutrients</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Nutritional Status</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Physical education</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Physical Fitness - physiology</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Quality</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>School boards</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Space shuttles</subject><subject>Students</subject><subject>Studies</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk1trFDEUxwdRbK1-A9EBQRTcNffMvAhL8bJQKHh7NGSSzG5KNtkmmaLf3mx3tuxIH3xJwsnv_E_OyTlV9RyCOcQcvr8KQ_TSzbfBmzmACJGGP6hOYYvRjCGAHx6dT6onKV0BQHHD2OPqBNEGsAaR0-rXwsTQWVX3NnuT0rt6Y1UMfsjRGp_rlGUeilV6XUsltSnX5bC25sZsdoD19dJrK32d1DoEN5Mro-sCOB2Nf1o96qVL5tm4n1U_Pn38fv5ldnH5eXm-uJgpTps8023LOkS0Ya3iWgHIGWYN7ZnsKcey0R3skKEUY4KA6agpC0dUcaAYhBTgs-rlXnfrQhJjaZKAjDFOCG9JIZZ7Qgd5JbbRbmT8I4K04tYQ4krImK1yRiiqGtlJjUu6BBDUctyzHtCGMNpq1RatD2O0odsYrUodonQT0emNt2uxCjeCYF7y4kXgzSgQw_VgUhYbm5RxTnoThtt3c0whb2FBX_2D3p_dSK1kScD6PpS4aicqFgQhzEHboELN76EO31r6qLfFPnF4O3EoTDa_80oOKYnlt6__z17-nLKvj9i1kS6vU3BDtsGnKUj2YOnJlKLp74oMgdiNwaEaYjcGYhyD4vbi-IPunA59j_8CWp8CHQ</recordid><startdate>20150325</startdate><enddate>20150325</enddate><creator>Desai, Ishaan K</creator><creator>Kurpad, Anura V</creator><creator>Chomitz, Virginia R</creator><creator>Thomas, Tinku</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150325</creationdate><title>Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children</title><author>Desai, Ishaan K ; Kurpad, Anura V ; Chomitz, Virginia R ; Thomas, Tinku</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-d996b24de69c7dc01763685f6af573a8db1b2e5533420eb5e0eb725c70c611503</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Academic achievement</topic><topic>Achievement</topic><topic>Adequacy</topic><topic>Aerobic capacity</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Anthropometry</topic><topic>Body mass</topic><topic>Cardiorespiratory fitness</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Correlation</topic><topic>Correlation analysis</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Developing countries</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Educational Measurement</topic><topic>Educational Status</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Exercise Test</topic><topic>Family medical history</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Health sciences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>India</topic><topic>LDCs</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Micronutrients</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Nutritional Status</topic><topic>Physical activity</topic><topic>Physical education</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Physical Fitness - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Desai, Ishaan K</au><au>Kurpad, Anura V</au><au>Chomitz, Virginia R</au><au>Thomas, Tinku</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-03-25</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0122487</spage><epage>e0122487</epage><pages>e0122487-e0122487</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Aerobic fitness has been shown to have several beneficial effects on child health. However, research on its relationship with academic performance has been limited, particularly in developing countries and among undernourished populations. This study examined the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement in clinically healthy but nutritionally compromised Indian school-aged children and assessed whether micronutrient status affects this association. 273 participants, aged 7 to 10.5 years, were enrolled from three primary schools in Bangalore, India. Data on participants' aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle test), demographics, anthropometry, diet, physical activity, and micronutrient status were abstracted. School-wide exam scores in mathematics and Kannada language served as indicators of academic performance and were standardized by grade level. The strength of the fitness/achievement association was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation, multiple variable logistic regression, and multi-level models. Significant positive correlations between aerobic capacity (VO2 peak) and academic scores in math and Kannada were observed (P < 0.05). After standardizing scores across grade levels and adjusting for school, gender, socioeconomic status, and weight status (BMI Z-score), children with greater aerobic capacities (mL * kg(-1) * min(-1)) had greater odds of scoring above average on math and Kannada exams (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.15 and OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.18, respectively). This association remained significant after adjusting for micronutrient deficiencies. These findings provide preliminary evidence of a fitness/achievement association in Indian children. While the mechanisms by which aerobic fitness may be linked to academic achievement require further investigation, the results suggest that educators and policymakers should consider the adequacy of opportunities for physical activity and fitness in schools for both their physical and potential academic benefits.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25806824</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0122487</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Academic achievement Achievement Adequacy Aerobic capacity Age Analysis Anthropometry Body mass Cardiorespiratory fitness Child Children Children & youth Correlation Correlation analysis Demographics Demography Developing countries Disease Educational Measurement Educational Status Exercise Exercise Test Family medical history Female Health aspects Health care Health sciences Humans India LDCs Male Mathematical models Medicine Micronutrients Nutrition research Nutritional Status Physical activity Physical education Physical fitness Physical Fitness - physiology Population studies Quality Regression analysis School boards Schools Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomics Space shuttles Students Studies |
| title | Aerobic fitness, micronutrient status, and academic achievement in Indian school-aged children |
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