Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein
The compass depressors (CDs) of the sea-urchin lantern are ligaments consisting mainly of discontinuous collagen fibrils associated with a small population of myocytes. They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2015-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0120339 |
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| creator | Wilkie, Iain C Fassini, Dario Cullorà, Emanuele Barbaglio, Alice Tricarico, Serena Sugni, Michela Del Giacco, Luca Candia Carnevali, M Daniela |
| description | The compass depressors (CDs) of the sea-urchin lantern are ligaments consisting mainly of discontinuous collagen fibrils associated with a small population of myocytes. They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control. The aims of this investigation were to characterise the baseline (i.e. unmanipulated) static mechanical properties of the CDs of Paracentrotus lividus by means of creep tests and incremental force-extension tests, and to determine the effects on their mechanical behaviour of a range of agents. Under constant load the CDs exhibited a three-phase creep curve, the mean coefficient of viscosity being 561±365 MPa.s. The stress-strain curve showed toe, linear and yield regions; the mean strain at the toe-linear inflection was 0.86±0.61; the mean Young's modulus was 18.62±10.30 MPa; and the mean tensile strength was 8.14±5.73 MPa. Hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus had no effect on creep behaviour, whilst chondroitinase ABC prolonged primary creep but had no effect on secondary creep or on any force-extension parameters; it thus appears that neither hyaluronic acid nor sulphated glycosaminoglycans have an interfibrillar load transfer function in the CD. Acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonists arecoline and methacholine, and the nicotinic agonists nicotine and 1-[1-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine produced an abrupt increase in CD viscosity; the CDs were not differentially sensitive to muscarinic or nicotinic agonists. CDs showed either no, or no consistent, response to adrenaline, L-glutamic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Synthetic echinoid tensilin-like protein had a weak and inconsistent stiffening effect, indicating that, in contrast to holothurian tensilins, the echinoid molecule may not be involved in the regulation of collagenous tissue tensility. We compare in detail the mechanical behaviour of the CD with that of mammalian tendon and highlight its potential as a model system for investigating poorly understood aspects of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate collagenous tissues. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0120339 |
| format | Article |
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They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control. The aims of this investigation were to characterise the baseline (i.e. unmanipulated) static mechanical properties of the CDs of Paracentrotus lividus by means of creep tests and incremental force-extension tests, and to determine the effects on their mechanical behaviour of a range of agents. Under constant load the CDs exhibited a three-phase creep curve, the mean coefficient of viscosity being 561±365 MPa.s. The stress-strain curve showed toe, linear and yield regions; the mean strain at the toe-linear inflection was 0.86±0.61; the mean Young's modulus was 18.62±10.30 MPa; and the mean tensile strength was 8.14±5.73 MPa. Hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus had no effect on creep behaviour, whilst chondroitinase ABC prolonged primary creep but had no effect on secondary creep or on any force-extension parameters; it thus appears that neither hyaluronic acid nor sulphated glycosaminoglycans have an interfibrillar load transfer function in the CD. Acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonists arecoline and methacholine, and the nicotinic agonists nicotine and 1-[1-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine produced an abrupt increase in CD viscosity; the CDs were not differentially sensitive to muscarinic or nicotinic agonists. CDs showed either no, or no consistent, response to adrenaline, L-glutamic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Synthetic echinoid tensilin-like protein had a weak and inconsistent stiffening effect, indicating that, in contrast to holothurian tensilins, the echinoid molecule may not be involved in the regulation of collagenous tissue tensility. We compare in detail the mechanical behaviour of the CD with that of mammalian tendon and highlight its potential as a model system for investigating poorly understood aspects of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate collagenous tissues.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120339</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25786033</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acetylcholine - pharmacology ; Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic) ; Acids ; Animals ; Arecoline - pharmacology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cholinergic Agonists - pharmacology ; Chondroitin ABC lyase ; Chondroitin ABC Lyase - pharmacology ; Collagen ; Collagen - metabolism ; Creep tests ; Echinodermata ; Echinoidea ; Enzymes ; Epinephrine ; Fibrils ; GABA ; Glutamic acid ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Hyaluronic acid ; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase - pharmacology ; Ligaments ; Ligaments - drug effects ; Ligaments - physiology ; Load transfer ; Mechanical properties ; Mechanotransduction, Cellular ; Methacholine ; Methacholine Chloride - pharmacology ; Modulus of elasticity ; Morphology ; Movement - drug effects ; Muscarinic Agonists - pharmacology ; Muscle Cells - drug effects ; Muscle Cells - physiology ; Myocytes ; Neurotransmitters ; Nicotine ; Nicotine - pharmacology ; Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology ; Ontogeny ; Paracentrotus - drug effects ; Paracentrotus - physiology ; Paracentrotus lividus ; Phylogeny ; Physiology ; Piperazine ; Piperazines - pharmacology ; Proteins ; Serotonin ; Stiffening ; Strain ; Stress, Mechanical ; Stress-strain curves ; Stress-strain relationships ; Tensile Strength ; Tissues ; Transfer functions ; Viscosity ; γ-Aminobutyric acid</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0120339</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Wilkie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Wilkie et al 2015 Wilkie et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c684t-b953cda2fe08cae2492223519b9bb48d0ed552551f0b4e3ec79488556cafee223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c684t-b953cda2fe08cae2492223519b9bb48d0ed552551f0b4e3ec79488556cafee223</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365025/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365025/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23871,27929,27930,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25786033$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Ianora, Adrianna</contributor><creatorcontrib>Wilkie, Iain C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fassini, Dario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullorà, Emanuele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barbaglio, Alice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tricarico, Serena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugni, Michela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Del Giacco, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Candia Carnevali, M Daniela</creatorcontrib><title>Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The compass depressors (CDs) of the sea-urchin lantern are ligaments consisting mainly of discontinuous collagen fibrils associated with a small population of myocytes. They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control. The aims of this investigation were to characterise the baseline (i.e. unmanipulated) static mechanical properties of the CDs of Paracentrotus lividus by means of creep tests and incremental force-extension tests, and to determine the effects on their mechanical behaviour of a range of agents. Under constant load the CDs exhibited a three-phase creep curve, the mean coefficient of viscosity being 561±365 MPa.s. The stress-strain curve showed toe, linear and yield regions; the mean strain at the toe-linear inflection was 0.86±0.61; the mean Young's modulus was 18.62±10.30 MPa; and the mean tensile strength was 8.14±5.73 MPa. Hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus had no effect on creep behaviour, whilst chondroitinase ABC prolonged primary creep but had no effect on secondary creep or on any force-extension parameters; it thus appears that neither hyaluronic acid nor sulphated glycosaminoglycans have an interfibrillar load transfer function in the CD. Acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonists arecoline and methacholine, and the nicotinic agonists nicotine and 1-[1-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine produced an abrupt increase in CD viscosity; the CDs were not differentially sensitive to muscarinic or nicotinic agonists. CDs showed either no, or no consistent, response to adrenaline, L-glutamic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Synthetic echinoid tensilin-like protein had a weak and inconsistent stiffening effect, indicating that, in contrast to holothurian tensilins, the echinoid molecule may not be involved in the regulation of collagenous tissue tensility. We compare in detail the mechanical behaviour of the CD with that of mammalian tendon and highlight its potential as a model system for investigating poorly understood aspects of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate collagenous tissues.</description><subject>Acetylcholine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic)</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arecoline - pharmacology</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Cholinergic Agonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Chondroitin ABC lyase</subject><subject>Chondroitin ABC Lyase - pharmacology</subject><subject>Collagen</subject><subject>Collagen - metabolism</subject><subject>Creep tests</subject><subject>Echinodermata</subject><subject>Echinoidea</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Epinephrine</subject><subject>Fibrils</subject><subject>GABA</subject><subject>Glutamic acid</subject><subject>Glycosaminoglycans</subject><subject>Hyaluronic acid</subject><subject>Hyaluronoglucosaminidase - pharmacology</subject><subject>Ligaments</subject><subject>Ligaments - drug effects</subject><subject>Ligaments - physiology</subject><subject>Load transfer</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Mechanotransduction, Cellular</subject><subject>Methacholine</subject><subject>Methacholine Chloride - pharmacology</subject><subject>Modulus of elasticity</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Movement - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscarinic Agonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Muscle Cells - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle Cells - physiology</subject><subject>Myocytes</subject><subject>Neurotransmitters</subject><subject>Nicotine</subject><subject>Nicotine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology</subject><subject>Ontogeny</subject><subject>Paracentrotus - drug effects</subject><subject>Paracentrotus - physiology</subject><subject>Paracentrotus lividus</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Piperazine</subject><subject>Piperazines - pharmacology</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Serotonin</subject><subject>Stiffening</subject><subject>Strain</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>Stress-strain curves</subject><subject>Stress-strain relationships</subject><subject>Tensile Strength</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><subject>Transfer functions</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><subject>γ-Aminobutyric acid</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUstu1DAUjRCIlsIfIIjEpkjNEMdxJtkgVVWBSkWwgLV1Y1_PeEjsYDuVhv_jv3Bm0lEHVV74cc85PveRJK9JviB0ST5s7OgMdIvBGlzkpMgpbZ4kp6ShRVbF29MH55PkhfebPGe0rqrnyUnBlnUVCafJ368o1mC0gC4dnB3QBY0-tSoNa0yF7QfwPpU4OPTeukPEI2SjE2tt0u_gQKAJzobRp52-0zLu59dT0Ep0PQS4SPdXLRHep2DkTgSVQhF2mmj-bHv0F6nBMQo5ML7XIWD8cUL7rYmEoEUa0HjdaZN1-hdOlgNq8zJ5pqDz-Grez5Kfn65_XH3Jbr99vrm6vM1EVZchaxtGhYRCYV4LwKJsiqKgjDRt07ZlLXOUjBWMEZW3JVIUy6asa8YqAQoxQs-St3vdobOezx3wnFRVWVY5q1lE3OwR0sKGD0734Lbcgua7B-tWHGKJRYecxs4AE7UShEYnslGsBiWAkkYyWsmo9XH-bWx7lLsaQ3ckehwxes1X9o6XtGJ5MZk5nwWc_T2iD7zXXmDXgUE77nwzQuqaTJm9-w_6eHYzagUxAW3U1CkxifLLsqANI3nVRNTiEVRcEnst4rgqHd-PCOWeIJz13qE65EhyPg37vRk-DTufhz3S3jysz4F0P930H8tpAas</recordid><startdate>20150318</startdate><enddate>20150318</enddate><creator>Wilkie, Iain C</creator><creator>Fassini, Dario</creator><creator>Cullorà, Emanuele</creator><creator>Barbaglio, Alice</creator><creator>Tricarico, Serena</creator><creator>Sugni, Michela</creator><creator>Del Giacco, Luca</creator><creator>Candia Carnevali, M Daniela</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150318</creationdate><title>Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein</title><author>Wilkie, Iain C ; Fassini, Dario ; Cullorà, Emanuele ; Barbaglio, Alice ; Tricarico, Serena ; Sugni, Michela ; Del Giacco, Luca ; Candia Carnevali, M Daniela</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c684t-b953cda2fe08cae2492223519b9bb48d0ed552551f0b4e3ec79488556cafee223</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Acetylcholine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic)</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Arecoline - pharmacology</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Cholinergic Agonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Chondroitin ABC lyase</topic><topic>Chondroitin ABC Lyase - pharmacology</topic><topic>Collagen</topic><topic>Collagen - metabolism</topic><topic>Creep tests</topic><topic>Echinodermata</topic><topic>Echinoidea</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Epinephrine</topic><topic>Fibrils</topic><topic>GABA</topic><topic>Glutamic acid</topic><topic>Glycosaminoglycans</topic><topic>Hyaluronic acid</topic><topic>Hyaluronoglucosaminidase - pharmacology</topic><topic>Ligaments</topic><topic>Ligaments - drug effects</topic><topic>Ligaments - physiology</topic><topic>Load transfer</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Mechanotransduction, Cellular</topic><topic>Methacholine</topic><topic>Methacholine Chloride - pharmacology</topic><topic>Modulus of elasticity</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Movement - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscarinic Agonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Muscle Cells - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle Cells - physiology</topic><topic>Myocytes</topic><topic>Neurotransmitters</topic><topic>Nicotine</topic><topic>Nicotine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology</topic><topic>Ontogeny</topic><topic>Paracentrotus - drug effects</topic><topic>Paracentrotus - physiology</topic><topic>Paracentrotus lividus</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Piperazine</topic><topic>Piperazines - pharmacology</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Serotonin</topic><topic>Stiffening</topic><topic>Strain</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>Stress-strain curves</topic><topic>Stress-strain relationships</topic><topic>Tensile Strength</topic><topic>Tissues</topic><topic>Transfer functions</topic><topic>Viscosity</topic><topic>γ-Aminobutyric acid</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wilkie, Iain C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fassini, Dario</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cullorà, Emanuele</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barbaglio, Alice</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tricarico, Serena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugni, Michela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Del Giacco, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Candia Carnevali, M Daniela</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wilkie, Iain C</au><au>Fassini, Dario</au><au>Cullorà, Emanuele</au><au>Barbaglio, Alice</au><au>Tricarico, Serena</au><au>Sugni, Michela</au><au>Del Giacco, Luca</au><au>Candia Carnevali, M Daniela</au><au>Ianora, Adrianna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-03-18</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>e0120339</spage><pages>e0120339-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The compass depressors (CDs) of the sea-urchin lantern are ligaments consisting mainly of discontinuous collagen fibrils associated with a small population of myocytes. They are mutable collagenous structures, which can change their mechanical properties rapidly and reversibly under nervous control. The aims of this investigation were to characterise the baseline (i.e. unmanipulated) static mechanical properties of the CDs of Paracentrotus lividus by means of creep tests and incremental force-extension tests, and to determine the effects on their mechanical behaviour of a range of agents. Under constant load the CDs exhibited a three-phase creep curve, the mean coefficient of viscosity being 561±365 MPa.s. The stress-strain curve showed toe, linear and yield regions; the mean strain at the toe-linear inflection was 0.86±0.61; the mean Young's modulus was 18.62±10.30 MPa; and the mean tensile strength was 8.14±5.73 MPa. Hyaluronidase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus had no effect on creep behaviour, whilst chondroitinase ABC prolonged primary creep but had no effect on secondary creep or on any force-extension parameters; it thus appears that neither hyaluronic acid nor sulphated glycosaminoglycans have an interfibrillar load transfer function in the CD. Acetylcholine, the muscarinic agonists arecoline and methacholine, and the nicotinic agonists nicotine and 1-[1-(3,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperazine produced an abrupt increase in CD viscosity; the CDs were not differentially sensitive to muscarinic or nicotinic agonists. CDs showed either no, or no consistent, response to adrenaline, L-glutamic acid, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Synthetic echinoid tensilin-like protein had a weak and inconsistent stiffening effect, indicating that, in contrast to holothurian tensilins, the echinoid molecule may not be involved in the regulation of collagenous tissue tensility. We compare in detail the mechanical behaviour of the CD with that of mammalian tendon and highlight its potential as a model system for investigating poorly understood aspects of the ontogeny and phylogeny of vertebrate collagenous tissues.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25786033</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0120339</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2015-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0120339 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1664460585 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acetylcholine - pharmacology Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic) Acids Animals Arecoline - pharmacology Biomechanical Phenomena Cholinergic Agonists - pharmacology Chondroitin ABC lyase Chondroitin ABC Lyase - pharmacology Collagen Collagen - metabolism Creep tests Echinodermata Echinoidea Enzymes Epinephrine Fibrils GABA Glutamic acid Glycosaminoglycans Hyaluronic acid Hyaluronoglucosaminidase - pharmacology Ligaments Ligaments - drug effects Ligaments - physiology Load transfer Mechanical properties Mechanotransduction, Cellular Methacholine Methacholine Chloride - pharmacology Modulus of elasticity Morphology Movement - drug effects Muscarinic Agonists - pharmacology Muscle Cells - drug effects Muscle Cells - physiology Myocytes Neurotransmitters Nicotine Nicotine - pharmacology Nicotinic Agonists - pharmacology Ontogeny Paracentrotus - drug effects Paracentrotus - physiology Paracentrotus lividus Phylogeny Physiology Piperazine Piperazines - pharmacology Proteins Serotonin Stiffening Strain Stress, Mechanical Stress-strain curves Stress-strain relationships Tensile Strength Tissues Transfer functions Viscosity γ-Aminobutyric acid |
| title | Mechanical properties of the compass depressors of the sea-urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the effects of enzymes, neurotransmitters and synthetic tensilin-like protein |
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