Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)
Assess prevalence of myopia and identify associated risk factors in urban school children. This was a cross-sectional study screening children for sub-normal vision and refractive errors in Delhi. Vision was tested by trained health workers using ETDRS charts. Risk factor questionnaire was filled fo...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2015-02, Vol.10 (2), p.e0117349-e0117349 |
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| creator | Saxena, Rohit Vashist, Praveen Tandon, Radhika Pandey, R M Bhardawaj, Amit Menon, Vimala Mani, Kalaivani |
| description | Assess prevalence of myopia and identify associated risk factors in urban school children.
This was a cross-sectional study screening children for sub-normal vision and refractive errors in Delhi. Vision was tested by trained health workers using ETDRS charts. Risk factor questionnaire was filled for children with vision |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0117349 |
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This was a cross-sectional study screening children for sub-normal vision and refractive errors in Delhi. Vision was tested by trained health workers using ETDRS charts. Risk factor questionnaire was filled for children with vision <6/9.5, wearing spectacles and for a subset (10%) of randomly selected children with normal vision. All children with vision <6/9.5 underwent cycloplegic refraction. The prevalence of myopia <-0.5 diopters was assessed. Association of risk factors and prevalence of myopia was analyzed for children with myopia and randomly selected non myopic children and adjusted odds ratio values for all risk factors were estimated.
A total number of 9884 children were screened with mean age of 11.6 + 2.2 years and 66.8% boys. Prevalence of myopia was 13.1% with only 320 children (24.7%) wearing appropriate spectacles. Mean myopic spherical error was -1.86 + 1.4 diopters. Prevalence of myopia was higher in private schools compared to government schools (p<0.001), in girls vs. boys (p = 0.004) and among older (> 11 years) children (p<0.001). There was a positive association of myopia with studying in private schools vs. government schools (p<0.001), positive family history (p< 0.001) and higher socio-economic status (p = 0.037). Positive association of presence of myopia was observed with children studying/reading > 5 hours per day (p < 0.001), watching television > 2 hours / day (p < 0.001) and with playing computer/video/mobile games (p < 0.001). An inverse association with outdoor activities/playing was observed with children playing > 2 hours in a day.
Myopia is a major health problem in Indian school children. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors associated with its development and try to develop cost effective intervention strategies.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117349</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25719391</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; Child ; Children ; Children & youth ; Computer & video games ; Consent ; Diabetic retinopathy ; Elementary school students ; Eyewear ; Families & family life ; Female ; Genetics ; Girls ; Humans ; Identification methods ; India ; Male ; Medical personnel ; Medical research ; Mobile computing ; Myopia ; Myopia - epidemiology ; Outdoor activities ; Parents & parenting ; Population ; Prevalence ; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) ; Questionnaires ; Refraction ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Rural areas ; Schools ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Students - statistics & numerical data ; Studies ; Television ; Urban Population - statistics & numerical data ; Vision ; Visual impairment ; Workers]]></subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-02, Vol.10 (2), p.e0117349-e0117349</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 Saxena et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Saxena et al 2015 Saxena et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e37eb5978d6492122359af6f963c835e907ddfa87332f92aee093bcc9a91e13c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e37eb5978d6492122359af6f963c835e907ddfa87332f92aee093bcc9a91e13c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342249/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342249/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25719391$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Saxena, Rohit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vashist, Praveen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tandon, Radhika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pandey, R M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhardawaj, Amit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menon, Vimala</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mani, Kalaivani</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Assess prevalence of myopia and identify associated risk factors in urban school children.
This was a cross-sectional study screening children for sub-normal vision and refractive errors in Delhi. Vision was tested by trained health workers using ETDRS charts. Risk factor questionnaire was filled for children with vision <6/9.5, wearing spectacles and for a subset (10%) of randomly selected children with normal vision. All children with vision <6/9.5 underwent cycloplegic refraction. The prevalence of myopia <-0.5 diopters was assessed. Association of risk factors and prevalence of myopia was analyzed for children with myopia and randomly selected non myopic children and adjusted odds ratio values for all risk factors were estimated.
A total number of 9884 children were screened with mean age of 11.6 + 2.2 years and 66.8% boys. Prevalence of myopia was 13.1% with only 320 children (24.7%) wearing appropriate spectacles. Mean myopic spherical error was -1.86 + 1.4 diopters. Prevalence of myopia was higher in private schools compared to government schools (p<0.001), in girls vs. boys (p = 0.004) and among older (> 11 years) children (p<0.001). There was a positive association of myopia with studying in private schools vs. government schools (p<0.001), positive family history (p< 0.001) and higher socio-economic status (p = 0.037). Positive association of presence of myopia was observed with children studying/reading > 5 hours per day (p < 0.001), watching television > 2 hours / day (p < 0.001) and with playing computer/video/mobile games (p < 0.001). An inverse association with outdoor activities/playing was observed with children playing > 2 hours in a day.
Myopia is a major health problem in Indian school children. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors associated with its development and try to develop cost effective intervention strategies.]]></description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Computer & video games</subject><subject>Consent</subject><subject>Diabetic retinopathy</subject><subject>Elementary school students</subject><subject>Eyewear</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification methods</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical personnel</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Mobile computing</subject><subject>Myopia</subject><subject>Myopia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Outdoor activities</subject><subject>Parents & parenting</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Prevalence studies (Epidemiology)</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Refraction</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Students - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Television</subject><subject>Urban Population - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Vision</subject><subject>Visual impairment</subject><subject>Workers</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk1tvFCEUxydGY-vqNzBKYmLah10HmBs-mDT1tkkvxqqvhGHO7FBZWIFp3G8v406bHdMHwwOE8zv_A-eSJM9xusC0xG-ube-M0IuNNbBIMS5pxh4kh5hRMi9ISh_unQ-SJ95fp2lOq6J4nByQvIw2hg-T_ouDG6HBSEC2Reut3SiBhGmQCh455X-iVshgnUfKoN7VwiAvO2s1kp3SjQMzGN6D7tRbFDpAF9aFDi1NE3XOd3JXoW-26Ohieb47Hj9NHrVCe3g27rPk-8cP304_z88uPy1PT87msmAkzIGWUOesrJoiYwQTQnMm2qJlBZUVzYGlZdO0oiopJS0jAiBltJaSCYYBU0lnycud7kZbz8eMeY6LvCpTklYkEssd0VhxzTdOrYXbcisU_3th3YoLF5TUwNOsEqxqKcGSZhWt60y0tM4oIVDVImZ5lrwbo_X1GhoJJjihJ6JTi1EdX9kbntGMkIxFgaNRwNlfPfjA18pL0FoYsP3w7gJTkmM2vPvVP-j9vxupVSwxV6a1Ma4cRPlJRoYWYAxHanEPFVcDayVje7Uq3k8cjicOkQnwO6xE7z1fXn39f_byx5R9vcd2IHTovNV9UNb4KZjtQOms9w7auyTjlA_TcZsNPkwHH6cjur3YL9Cd0-040D8YxAin</recordid><startdate>20150226</startdate><enddate>20150226</enddate><creator>Saxena, Rohit</creator><creator>Vashist, Praveen</creator><creator>Tandon, Radhika</creator><creator>Pandey, R M</creator><creator>Bhardawaj, Amit</creator><creator>Menon, Vimala</creator><creator>Mani, Kalaivani</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150226</creationdate><title>Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)</title><author>Saxena, Rohit ; Vashist, Praveen ; Tandon, Radhika ; Pandey, R M ; Bhardawaj, Amit ; Menon, Vimala ; Mani, Kalaivani</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-e37eb5978d6492122359af6f963c835e907ddfa87332f92aee093bcc9a91e13c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Computer & video games</topic><topic>Consent</topic><topic>Diabetic retinopathy</topic><topic>Elementary school students</topic><topic>Eyewear</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Girls</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Identification methods</topic><topic>India</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical personnel</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Mobile computing</topic><topic>Myopia</topic><topic>Myopia - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Saxena, Rohit</au><au>Vashist, Praveen</au><au>Tandon, Radhika</au><au>Pandey, R M</au><au>Bhardawaj, Amit</au><au>Menon, Vimala</au><au>Mani, Kalaivani</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study)</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-02-26</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0117349</spage><epage>e0117349</epage><pages>e0117349-e0117349</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Assess prevalence of myopia and identify associated risk factors in urban school children.
This was a cross-sectional study screening children for sub-normal vision and refractive errors in Delhi. Vision was tested by trained health workers using ETDRS charts. Risk factor questionnaire was filled for children with vision <6/9.5, wearing spectacles and for a subset (10%) of randomly selected children with normal vision. All children with vision <6/9.5 underwent cycloplegic refraction. The prevalence of myopia <-0.5 diopters was assessed. Association of risk factors and prevalence of myopia was analyzed for children with myopia and randomly selected non myopic children and adjusted odds ratio values for all risk factors were estimated.
A total number of 9884 children were screened with mean age of 11.6 + 2.2 years and 66.8% boys. Prevalence of myopia was 13.1% with only 320 children (24.7%) wearing appropriate spectacles. Mean myopic spherical error was -1.86 + 1.4 diopters. Prevalence of myopia was higher in private schools compared to government schools (p<0.001), in girls vs. boys (p = 0.004) and among older (> 11 years) children (p<0.001). There was a positive association of myopia with studying in private schools vs. government schools (p<0.001), positive family history (p< 0.001) and higher socio-economic status (p = 0.037). Positive association of presence of myopia was observed with children studying/reading > 5 hours per day (p < 0.001), watching television > 2 hours / day (p < 0.001) and with playing computer/video/mobile games (p < 0.001). An inverse association with outdoor activities/playing was observed with children playing > 2 hours in a day.
Myopia is a major health problem in Indian school children. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors associated with its development and try to develop cost effective intervention strategies.]]></abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25719391</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0117349</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adolescent Child Children Children & youth Computer & video games Consent Diabetic retinopathy Elementary school students Eyewear Families & family life Female Genetics Girls Humans Identification methods India Male Medical personnel Medical research Mobile computing Myopia Myopia - epidemiology Outdoor activities Parents & parenting Population Prevalence Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) Questionnaires Refraction Risk analysis Risk Factors Rural areas Schools Socioeconomic Factors Students - statistics & numerical data Studies Television Urban Population - statistics & numerical data Vision Visual impairment Workers |
| title | Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India Myopia Study (NIM Study) |
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