Changes in soil carbon and enzyme activity as a result of different long-term fertilization regimes in a greenhouse field
In order to discover the advantages and disadvantages of different fertilization regimes and identify the best management practice of fertilization in greenhouse fields, soil enzyme activities involved in carbon (C) transformations, soil chemical characteristics, and crop yields were monitored after...
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| description | In order to discover the advantages and disadvantages of different fertilization regimes and identify the best management practice of fertilization in greenhouse fields, soil enzyme activities involved in carbon (C) transformations, soil chemical characteristics, and crop yields were monitored after long-term (20-year) fertilization regimes, including no fertilizer (CK), 300 kg N ha-1 and 600 kg N ha-1 as urea (N1 and N2), 75 Mg ha-1 horse manure compost (M), and M with either 300 or 600 kg N ha-1 urea (MN1 and MN2). Compared with CK, fertilization increased crop yields by 31% (N2) to 69% (MN1). However, compared with CK, inorganic fertilization (especially N2) also caused soil acidification and salinization. In the N2 treatment, soil total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 14.1±0.27 g kg-1 at the beginning of the long-term experiment in 1988 to 12.6±0.11 g kg-1 (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0118371 |
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Compared with CK, fertilization increased crop yields by 31% (N2) to 69% (MN1). However, compared with CK, inorganic fertilization (especially N2) also caused soil acidification and salinization. In the N2 treatment, soil total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 14.1±0.27 g kg-1 at the beginning of the long-term experiment in 1988 to 12.6±0.11 g kg-1 (P<0.05). Compared to CK, N1 and N2 exhibited higher soil α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase activities, but lower soil α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase activities (P<0.05), indicating that inorganic fertilization had different impacts on these C transformation enzymes. Compared with CK, the M, MN1 and MN2 treatments exhibited higher enzyme activities, soil TOC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic C, and microbial biomass C and N. The fertilization regime of the MN1 treatment was identified as optimal because it produced the highest yields and increased soil quality, ensuring sustainability. The results suggest that inorganic fertilizer alone, especially in high amounts, in greenhouse fields is detrimental to soil quality.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118371</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25706998</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acidic soils ; Acidification ; Agricultural production ; Agrochemicals ; alpha-Glucosidases - metabolism ; Animal wastes ; Best management practices ; beta-Glucosidase - metabolism ; Carbon ; Carbon - analysis ; Composts ; Corn ; Crop rotation ; Crop yield ; Crops ; Enzymatic activity ; Enzyme activity ; Enzymes ; Fertilization ; Fertilizers ; Galactosidase ; Glucosidase ; Greenhouses ; Horse manure ; Manures ; Microorganisms ; Mineral fertilizers ; Nitrogen ; Organic carbon ; Organic soils ; Phosphorus ; Salinity ; Salinization ; Soil - chemistry ; Soil acidification ; Soil properties ; Soil quality ; Soil treatment ; Soils ; Sustainability ; Total organic carbon ; Transformation ; Urea ; Ureas ; α-Glucosidase ; β-Galactosidase</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-02, Vol.10 (2), p.e0118371-e0118371</ispartof><rights>2015 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 Zhang et al 2015 Zhang et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-56242b9f55d6093fb46fafcadcac4bad9dd2bcc7a4a08221486c05fce8876c283</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-56242b9f55d6093fb46fafcadcac4bad9dd2bcc7a4a08221486c05fce8876c283</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338192/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338192/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53770,53772,79347,79348</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25706998$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Liang, Wenju</contributor><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Lili</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burger, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Lijie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gong, Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Zhijie</creatorcontrib><title>Changes in soil carbon and enzyme activity as a result of different long-term fertilization regimes in a greenhouse field</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>In order to discover the advantages and disadvantages of different fertilization regimes and identify the best management practice of fertilization in greenhouse fields, soil enzyme activities involved in carbon (C) transformations, soil chemical characteristics, and crop yields were monitored after long-term (20-year) fertilization regimes, including no fertilizer (CK), 300 kg N ha-1 and 600 kg N ha-1 as urea (N1 and N2), 75 Mg ha-1 horse manure compost (M), and M with either 300 or 600 kg N ha-1 urea (MN1 and MN2). Compared with CK, fertilization increased crop yields by 31% (N2) to 69% (MN1). However, compared with CK, inorganic fertilization (especially N2) also caused soil acidification and salinization. In the N2 treatment, soil total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 14.1±0.27 g kg-1 at the beginning of the long-term experiment in 1988 to 12.6±0.11 g kg-1 (P<0.05). Compared to CK, N1 and N2 exhibited higher soil α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase activities, but lower soil α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase activities (P<0.05), indicating that inorganic fertilization had different impacts on these C transformation enzymes. Compared with CK, the M, MN1 and MN2 treatments exhibited higher enzyme activities, soil TOC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic C, and microbial biomass C and N. The fertilization regime of the MN1 treatment was identified as optimal because it produced the highest yields and increased soil quality, ensuring sustainability. The results suggest that inorganic fertilizer alone, especially in high amounts, in greenhouse fields is detrimental to soil quality.</description><subject>Acidic soils</subject><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Agricultural production</subject><subject>Agrochemicals</subject><subject>alpha-Glucosidases - metabolism</subject><subject>Animal wastes</subject><subject>Best management practices</subject><subject>beta-Glucosidase - metabolism</subject><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon - analysis</subject><subject>Composts</subject><subject>Corn</subject><subject>Crop rotation</subject><subject>Crop yield</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Enzymatic activity</subject><subject>Enzyme activity</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fertilization</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Galactosidase</subject><subject>Glucosidase</subject><subject>Greenhouses</subject><subject>Horse manure</subject><subject>Manures</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Mineral fertilizers</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Organic carbon</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Phosphorus</subject><subject>Salinity</subject><subject>Salinization</subject><subject>Soil - chemistry</subject><subject>Soil acidification</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soil quality</subject><subject>Soil treatment</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Total organic carbon</subject><subject>Transformation</subject><subject>Urea</subject><subject>Ureas</subject><subject>α-Glucosidase</subject><subject>β-Galactosidase</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUk1vEzEQXSEQLYF_gMASFy4J_lrHe0FCER-VKnGBszXrHW8cee1gbyqlv55Ns61ahC-2nt-8mTd6VfWW0RUTa_Zplw45QljtU8QVZUxP4LPqkjWCLxWn4vmj90X1qpQdpbXQSr2sLni9pqpp9GV13Gwh9liIj6QkH4iF3KZIIHYE4-1xQAJ29Dd-PBIoBEjGcggjSY503jnMGEcSUuyXI-aBTMDog7-F0U8iGXs_nLWB9BkxbtOhIHEeQ_e6euEgFHwz34vq97evvzY_ltc_v19tvlwvbc3VuKwVl7xtXF13ijbCtVI5cBY6C1a20DVdx1tr1yCBas6Z1MrS2lnUeq0s12JRvT_r7kMqZt5aMUzVmqq6kSfG1ZnRJdiZffYD5KNJ4M0dkHJvYLJlAxpHJZcaBW2skGurtQOKTdcygcjEdBbV57nboR2ws9N6MoQnok9_ot-aPt0YKYRmDZ8EPs4COf05YBnN4IvFECDitLy7uSWruW4m6od_qP93J88sm1MpGd3DMIyaU5Luq8wpSWZO0lT27rGRh6L76Ii_GFLJiw</recordid><startdate>20150223</startdate><enddate>20150223</enddate><creator>Zhang, Lili</creator><creator>Chen, Wei</creator><creator>Burger, Martin</creator><creator>Yang, Lijie</creator><creator>Gong, Ping</creator><creator>Wu, Zhijie</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150223</creationdate><title>Changes in soil carbon and enzyme activity as a result of different long-term fertilization regimes in a greenhouse field</title><author>Zhang, Lili ; Chen, Wei ; Burger, Martin ; Yang, Lijie ; Gong, Ping ; Wu, Zhijie</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-56242b9f55d6093fb46fafcadcac4bad9dd2bcc7a4a08221486c05fce8876c283</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Acidic soils</topic><topic>Acidification</topic><topic>Agricultural production</topic><topic>Agrochemicals</topic><topic>alpha-Glucosidases - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Lili</au><au>Chen, Wei</au><au>Burger, Martin</au><au>Yang, Lijie</au><au>Gong, Ping</au><au>Wu, Zhijie</au><au>Liang, Wenju</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Changes in soil carbon and enzyme activity as a result of different long-term fertilization regimes in a greenhouse field</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-02-23</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0118371</spage><epage>e0118371</epage><pages>e0118371-e0118371</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>In order to discover the advantages and disadvantages of different fertilization regimes and identify the best management practice of fertilization in greenhouse fields, soil enzyme activities involved in carbon (C) transformations, soil chemical characteristics, and crop yields were monitored after long-term (20-year) fertilization regimes, including no fertilizer (CK), 300 kg N ha-1 and 600 kg N ha-1 as urea (N1 and N2), 75 Mg ha-1 horse manure compost (M), and M with either 300 or 600 kg N ha-1 urea (MN1 and MN2). Compared with CK, fertilization increased crop yields by 31% (N2) to 69% (MN1). However, compared with CK, inorganic fertilization (especially N2) also caused soil acidification and salinization. In the N2 treatment, soil total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 14.1±0.27 g kg-1 at the beginning of the long-term experiment in 1988 to 12.6±0.11 g kg-1 (P<0.05). Compared to CK, N1 and N2 exhibited higher soil α-galactosidase and β-galactosidase activities, but lower soil α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase activities (P<0.05), indicating that inorganic fertilization had different impacts on these C transformation enzymes. Compared with CK, the M, MN1 and MN2 treatments exhibited higher enzyme activities, soil TOC, total nitrogen, dissolved organic C, and microbial biomass C and N. The fertilization regime of the MN1 treatment was identified as optimal because it produced the highest yields and increased soil quality, ensuring sustainability. The results suggest that inorganic fertilizer alone, especially in high amounts, in greenhouse fields is detrimental to soil quality.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25706998</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0118371</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acidic soils Acidification Agricultural production Agrochemicals alpha-Glucosidases - metabolism Animal wastes Best management practices beta-Glucosidase - metabolism Carbon Carbon - analysis Composts Corn Crop rotation Crop yield Crops Enzymatic activity Enzyme activity Enzymes Fertilization Fertilizers Galactosidase Glucosidase Greenhouses Horse manure Manures Microorganisms Mineral fertilizers Nitrogen Organic carbon Organic soils Phosphorus Salinity Salinization Soil - chemistry Soil acidification Soil properties Soil quality Soil treatment Soils Sustainability Total organic carbon Transformation Urea Ureas α-Glucosidase β-Galactosidase |
| title | Changes in soil carbon and enzyme activity as a result of different long-term fertilization regimes in a greenhouse field |
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