Effect of season and high ambient temperature on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos)
Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2015-02, Vol.10 (2), p.e0117734-e0117734 |
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| creator | McLellan, Michelle L McLellan, Bruce N |
| description | Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20°C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1°C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4-27.3°C) and hot (27.9-40.1°C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0117734 |
| format | Article |
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Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20°C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1°C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4-27.3°C) and hot (27.9-40.1°C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117734</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25692979</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Activity patterns ; Ambient temperature ; Animal behavior ; Animal populations ; Animals ; Axis movements ; Behavior, Animal - physiology ; Berries ; Circadian Rhythm ; Climate Change ; Coasts ; Collars ; Conservation ; Ecosystems ; Energy ; Environmental protection ; Female ; Food ; Foraging behavior ; Fruits ; Global Positioning System ; Grizzly bear ; Grizzly bears ; Heat ; Male ; Maximum temperatures ; Motion sensors ; Mountains ; Precipitation ; Predation ; Seasons ; Sensors ; Summer ; Switches ; Temperature ; Temperature effects ; Ursidae - physiology ; Ursus arctos</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2015-02, Vol.10 (2), p.e0117734-e0117734</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2015 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2015 McLellan, McLellan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2015 McLellan, McLellan 2015 McLellan, McLellan</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-e947e48957d9c11fdfc6f9ad8d7197712f911606115705288e9bfca53522c6c03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-e947e48957d9c11fdfc6f9ad8d7197712f911606115705288e9bfca53522c6c03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334910/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334910/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25692979$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Crocker, Daniel E</contributor><creatorcontrib>McLellan, Michelle L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLellan, Bruce N</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of season and high ambient temperature on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos)</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20°C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1°C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4-27.3°C) and hot (27.9-40.1°C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory.</description><subject>Activity patterns</subject><subject>Ambient temperature</subject><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Animal populations</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Axis movements</subject><subject>Behavior, Animal - physiology</subject><subject>Berries</subject><subject>Circadian Rhythm</subject><subject>Climate Change</subject><subject>Coasts</subject><subject>Collars</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Foraging behavior</subject><subject>Fruits</subject><subject>Global Positioning System</subject><subject>Grizzly bear</subject><subject>Grizzly bears</subject><subject>Heat</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Maximum temperatures</subject><subject>Motion sensors</subject><subject>Mountains</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Predation</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Summer</subject><subject>Switches</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Temperature effects</subject><subject>Ursidae - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>McLellan, Michelle L</au><au>McLellan, Bruce N</au><au>Crocker, Daniel E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of season and high ambient temperature on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos)</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2015-02-18</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0117734</spage><epage>e0117734</epage><pages>e0117734-e0117734</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Understanding factors that influence daily and annual activity patterns of a species provides insights to challenges facing individuals, particularly when climate shifts, and thus is important in conservation. Using GPS collars with dual-axis motion sensors that recorded the number of switches every 5 minutes we tested the hypotheses: 1. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) increase daily activity levels and active bout lengths when they forage on berries, the major high-energy food in this ecosystem, and 2. Grizzly bears become less active and more nocturnal when ambient temperature exceeds 20°C. We found support for hypothesis 1 with both male and female bears being active from 0.7 to 2.8 h longer in the berry season than in other seasons. Our prediction under hypothesis 2 was not supported. When bears foraged on berries on a dry, open mountainside, there was no relationship between daily maximum temperature (which varied from 20.4 to 40.1°C) and the total amount of time bears were active, and no difference in activity levels during day or night between warm (20.4-27.3°C) and hot (27.9-40.1°C) days. Our results highlight the strong influence that food acquisition has on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears and is a challenge to the heat dissipation limitation theory.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25692979</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0117734</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Activity patterns Ambient temperature Animal behavior Animal populations Animals Axis movements Behavior, Animal - physiology Berries Circadian Rhythm Climate Change Coasts Collars Conservation Ecosystems Energy Environmental protection Female Food Foraging behavior Fruits Global Positioning System Grizzly bear Grizzly bears Heat Male Maximum temperatures Motion sensors Mountains Precipitation Predation Seasons Sensors Summer Switches Temperature Temperature effects Ursidae - physiology Ursus arctos |
| title | Effect of season and high ambient temperature on activity levels and patterns of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) |
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