Zinc supplementation inhibits complement activation in age-related macular degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world. AMD is a multifactorial disorder but complement-mediated inflammation at the level of the retina plays a pivotal role. Oral zinc supplementation can reduce the progression of AMD but the precise mechanism...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2014-11, Vol.9 (11), p.e112682-e112682 |
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| creator | Smailhodzic, Dzenita van Asten, Freekje Blom, Anna M Mohlin, Frida C den Hollander, Anneke I van de Ven, Johannes P H van Huet, Ramon A C Groenewoud, Joannes M M Tian, Yuan Berendschot, Tos T J M Lechanteur, Yara T E Fauser, Sascha de Bruijn, Chris Daha, Mohamed R van der Wilt, Gert Jan Hoyng, Carel B Klevering, B Jeroen |
| description | Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world. AMD is a multifactorial disorder but complement-mediated inflammation at the level of the retina plays a pivotal role. Oral zinc supplementation can reduce the progression of AMD but the precise mechanism of this protective effect is as yet unclear. We investigated whether zinc supplementation directly affects the degree of complement activation in AMD and whether there is a relation between serum complement catabolism during zinc administration and the complement factor H (CFH) gene or the Age-Related Maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) genotype. In this open-label clinical study, 72 randomly selected AMD patients in various stages of AMD received a daily supplement of 50 mg zinc sulphate and 1 mg cupric sulphate for three months. Serum complement catabolism-defined as the C3d/C3 ratio-was measured at baseline, throughout the three months of supplementation and after discontinuation of zinc administration. Additionally, downstream inhibition of complement catabolism was evaluated by measurement of anaphylatoxin C5a. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of zinc on complement activation in vitro. AMD patients with high levels of complement catabolism at baseline exhibited a steeper decline in serum complement activation (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0112682 |
| format | Article |
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The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR2605.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112682</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25393287</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Age related diseases ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Andra medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper ; Basic Medicine ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blindness ; Catabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Complement ; Complement activation ; Complement Activation - drug effects ; Complement C3 - immunology ; Complement C3 - metabolism ; Complement C3d - immunology ; Complement C3d - metabolism ; Complement C5a - immunology ; Complement C5a - metabolism ; Complement component C3 ; Complement component C5a ; Complement Factor B - immunology ; Complement Factor B - metabolism ; Complement factor H ; Complement Factor H - immunology ; Complement Factor H - metabolism ; Complement system ; Copper Sulfate - administration & dosage ; Dietary Supplements ; Epithelial Cells - cytology ; Epithelial Cells - drug effects ; Epithelial Cells - immunology ; Eye diseases ; Fatty acids ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Hypotheses ; Inflammation ; Laboratories ; Macular degeneration ; Macular Degeneration - blood ; Macular Degeneration - diet therapy ; Macular Degeneration - immunology ; Macular Degeneration - pathology ; Male ; Medical and Health Sciences ; Medicin och hälsovetenskap ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper ; Membrane attack complex ; Mutation ; Other Basic Medicine ; Patients ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Proteins - genetics ; Proteins - immunology ; Retina ; Retina - drug effects ; Retina - immunology ; Retina - pathology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - cytology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - drug effects ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium - immunology ; Sulfates ; Systematic review ; Zinc ; Zinc Sulfate - administration & dosage</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-11, Vol.9 (11), p.e112682-e112682</ispartof><rights>2014 Smailhodzic et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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AMD is a multifactorial disorder but complement-mediated inflammation at the level of the retina plays a pivotal role. Oral zinc supplementation can reduce the progression of AMD but the precise mechanism of this protective effect is as yet unclear. We investigated whether zinc supplementation directly affects the degree of complement activation in AMD and whether there is a relation between serum complement catabolism during zinc administration and the complement factor H (CFH) gene or the Age-Related Maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) genotype. In this open-label clinical study, 72 randomly selected AMD patients in various stages of AMD received a daily supplement of 50 mg zinc sulphate and 1 mg cupric sulphate for three months. Serum complement catabolism-defined as the C3d/C3 ratio-was measured at baseline, throughout the three months of supplementation and after discontinuation of zinc administration. Additionally, downstream inhibition of complement catabolism was evaluated by measurement of anaphylatoxin C5a. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of zinc on complement activation in vitro. AMD patients with high levels of complement catabolism at baseline exhibited a steeper decline in serum complement activation (p<0.001) during the three month zinc supplementation period compared to patients with low complement levels. There was no significant association of change in complement catabolism and CFH and ARMS2 genotype. In vitro zinc sulphate directly inhibits complement catabolism in hemolytic assays and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on RPE cells. This study provides evidence that daily administration of 50 mg zinc sulphate can inhibit complement catabolism in AMD patients with increased complement activation. This could explain part of the mechanism by which zinc slows AMD progression.
The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR2605.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age related diseases</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Andra medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper</subject><subject>Basic Medicine</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blindness</subject><subject>Catabolism</subject><subject>Cells, Cultured</subject><subject>Complement</subject><subject>Complement activation</subject><subject>Complement Activation - drug effects</subject><subject>Complement C3 - immunology</subject><subject>Complement C3 - metabolism</subject><subject>Complement C3d - immunology</subject><subject>Complement C3d - metabolism</subject><subject>Complement C5a - immunology</subject><subject>Complement C5a - metabolism</subject><subject>Complement component C3</subject><subject>Complement component C5a</subject><subject>Complement Factor B - immunology</subject><subject>Complement Factor B - metabolism</subject><subject>Complement factor H</subject><subject>Complement Factor H - immunology</subject><subject>Complement Factor H - metabolism</subject><subject>Complement system</subject><subject>Copper Sulfate - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - cytology</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - drug effects</subject><subject>Epithelial Cells - immunology</subject><subject>Eye diseases</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gene Expression</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypotheses</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Macular degeneration</subject><subject>Macular Degeneration - blood</subject><subject>Macular Degeneration - diet therapy</subject><subject>Macular Degeneration - immunology</subject><subject>Macular Degeneration - pathology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper</subject><subject>Membrane attack complex</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Other Basic Medicine</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Peritoneal dialysis</subject><subject>Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Proteins - immunology</subject><subject>Retina</subject><subject>Retina - drug effects</subject><subject>Retina - immunology</subject><subject>Retina - pathology</subject><subject>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - cytology</subject><subject>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - drug effects</subject><subject>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - immunology</subject><subject>Sulfates</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><subject>Zinc Sulfate - administration & dosage</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUl2L1DAULaK46-o_EC344suM-W7zIsjix8KAL4rgS7hNbmczpE1N2hX_vZ2ZzrIjPlwScs49nBxOUbykZE15Rd_t4pR6COsh9rgmlDJVs0fFJdWcrRQj_PGD-0XxLOcdIZLXSj0tLpjkM1RXl8WPn763ZZ6GIWCH_Qijj33p-1vf-DGXNnYLUIId_d0JLmGLq4QBRnRlB3YKkEqHW-wxHTjPiycthIwvlvOq-P7p47frL6vN18831x82Kyu1HFdCc7RKMJBSaMYAW0WFUtq2LeU1d7JpFNBKOqy1FoQSBGctVa62FeWO8qvi9VF3CDGbJZNsqGJCCy0lmxk3R4aLsDND8h2kPyaCN4eHmLYG0uhtQIOEVJRxXdPaCdI2dauBcFC6rSoqLZm1Nket_BuHqTlTC9MwTzOPyWhYKyznypqGEzBCVGDAEWWktlwKXlWo3Cz3fjE_NR06O8ecIJypniO9vzXbeGcE45SovZ-3i0CKvybMo-l8thgC9BinQwySC6bYPoY3_1D_H5Y4smyKOSds781QYva1O22Zfe3MUrt57dXDj9wvnXrG_wIe8tZA</recordid><startdate>20141113</startdate><enddate>20141113</enddate><creator>Smailhodzic, Dzenita</creator><creator>van Asten, Freekje</creator><creator>Blom, Anna M</creator><creator>Mohlin, Frida C</creator><creator>den Hollander, Anneke I</creator><creator>van de Ven, Johannes P H</creator><creator>van Huet, Ramon A C</creator><creator>Groenewoud, Joannes M M</creator><creator>Tian, Yuan</creator><creator>Berendschot, Tos T J M</creator><creator>Lechanteur, Yara T E</creator><creator>Fauser, Sascha</creator><creator>de Bruijn, Chris</creator><creator>Daha, Mohamed R</creator><creator>van der Wilt, Gert Jan</creator><creator>Hoyng, Carel B</creator><creator>Klevering, B Jeroen</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AGCHP</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>D95</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141113</creationdate><title>Zinc supplementation inhibits complement activation in age-related macular degeneration</title><author>Smailhodzic, Dzenita ; van Asten, Freekje ; Blom, Anna M ; Mohlin, Frida C ; den Hollander, Anneke I ; van de Ven, Johannes P H ; van Huet, Ramon A C ; Groenewoud, Joannes M M ; Tian, Yuan ; Berendschot, Tos T J M ; Lechanteur, Yara T E ; Fauser, Sascha ; de Bruijn, Chris ; Daha, Mohamed R ; van der Wilt, Gert Jan ; Hoyng, Carel B ; Klevering, B Jeroen</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-493ec642a554922aef614669cff1383d5bb6a175de8994010eadcc16d8c713d13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age related diseases</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Andra medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper</topic><topic>Basic Medicine</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Blindness</topic><topic>Catabolism</topic><topic>Cells, Cultured</topic><topic>Complement</topic><topic>Complement activation</topic><topic>Complement Activation - 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blood</topic><topic>Macular Degeneration - diet therapy</topic><topic>Macular Degeneration - immunology</topic><topic>Macular Degeneration - pathology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Medicin och hälsovetenskap</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper</topic><topic>Membrane attack complex</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Other Basic Medicine</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Peritoneal dialysis</topic><topic>Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Proteins - immunology</topic><topic>Retina</topic><topic>Retina - drug effects</topic><topic>Retina - immunology</topic><topic>Retina - pathology</topic><topic>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - cytology</topic><topic>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - drug effects</topic><topic>Retinal Pigment Epithelium - immunology</topic><topic>Sulfates</topic><topic>Systematic review</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>Zinc Sulfate - administration & dosage</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Smailhodzic, Dzenita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Asten, Freekje</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blom, Anna M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohlin, Frida C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>den Hollander, Anneke I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van de Ven, Johannes P H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Huet, Ramon A C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Groenewoud, Joannes M M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tian, Yuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Berendschot, Tos T J M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lechanteur, Yara T E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fauser, Sascha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bruijn, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daha, Mohamed R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van der Wilt, Gert Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoyng, Carel B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klevering, B Jeroen</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection (ProQuest)</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SWEPUB Lunds universitet full text</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Lunds universitet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Smailhodzic, Dzenita</au><au>van Asten, Freekje</au><au>Blom, Anna M</au><au>Mohlin, Frida C</au><au>den Hollander, Anneke I</au><au>van de Ven, Johannes P H</au><au>van Huet, Ramon A C</au><au>Groenewoud, Joannes M M</au><au>Tian, Yuan</au><au>Berendschot, Tos T J M</au><au>Lechanteur, Yara T E</au><au>Fauser, Sascha</au><au>de Bruijn, Chris</au><au>Daha, Mohamed R</au><au>van der Wilt, Gert Jan</au><au>Hoyng, Carel B</au><au>Klevering, B Jeroen</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Zinc supplementation inhibits complement activation in age-related macular degeneration</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-11-13</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e112682</spage><epage>e112682</epage><pages>e112682-e112682</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world. AMD is a multifactorial disorder but complement-mediated inflammation at the level of the retina plays a pivotal role. Oral zinc supplementation can reduce the progression of AMD but the precise mechanism of this protective effect is as yet unclear. We investigated whether zinc supplementation directly affects the degree of complement activation in AMD and whether there is a relation between serum complement catabolism during zinc administration and the complement factor H (CFH) gene or the Age-Related Maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) genotype. In this open-label clinical study, 72 randomly selected AMD patients in various stages of AMD received a daily supplement of 50 mg zinc sulphate and 1 mg cupric sulphate for three months. Serum complement catabolism-defined as the C3d/C3 ratio-was measured at baseline, throughout the three months of supplementation and after discontinuation of zinc administration. Additionally, downstream inhibition of complement catabolism was evaluated by measurement of anaphylatoxin C5a. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of zinc on complement activation in vitro. AMD patients with high levels of complement catabolism at baseline exhibited a steeper decline in serum complement activation (p<0.001) during the three month zinc supplementation period compared to patients with low complement levels. There was no significant association of change in complement catabolism and CFH and ARMS2 genotype. In vitro zinc sulphate directly inhibits complement catabolism in hemolytic assays and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on RPE cells. This study provides evidence that daily administration of 50 mg zinc sulphate can inhibit complement catabolism in AMD patients with increased complement activation. This could explain part of the mechanism by which zinc slows AMD progression.
The Netherlands National Trial Register NTR2605.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25393287</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0112682</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2014-11, Vol.9 (11), p.e112682-e112682 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1624949552 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; SWEPUB Freely available online; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Age Age related diseases Aged Aged, 80 and over Andra medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper Basic Medicine Biology and Life Sciences Blindness Catabolism Cells, Cultured Complement Complement activation Complement Activation - drug effects Complement C3 - immunology Complement C3 - metabolism Complement C3d - immunology Complement C3d - metabolism Complement C5a - immunology Complement C5a - metabolism Complement component C3 Complement component C5a Complement Factor B - immunology Complement Factor B - metabolism Complement factor H Complement Factor H - immunology Complement Factor H - metabolism Complement system Copper Sulfate - administration & dosage Dietary Supplements Epithelial Cells - cytology Epithelial Cells - drug effects Epithelial Cells - immunology Eye diseases Fatty acids Female Gene Expression Humans Hypotheses Inflammation Laboratories Macular degeneration Macular Degeneration - blood Macular Degeneration - diet therapy Macular Degeneration - immunology Macular Degeneration - pathology Male Medical and Health Sciences Medicin och hälsovetenskap Medicine and Health Sciences Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper Membrane attack complex Mutation Other Basic Medicine Patients Peritoneal dialysis Proteins - genetics Proteins - immunology Retina Retina - drug effects Retina - immunology Retina - pathology Retinal Pigment Epithelium - cytology Retinal Pigment Epithelium - drug effects Retinal Pigment Epithelium - immunology Sulfates Systematic review Zinc Zinc Sulfate - administration & dosage |
| title | Zinc supplementation inhibits complement activation in age-related macular degeneration |
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