Three-dimensional ankle moments and nonlinear summation of rat triceps surae muscles
The Achilles tendon and epimuscular connective tissues mechanically link the triceps surae muscles. These pathways may cause joint moments exerted by each muscle individually not to sum linearly, both in magnitude and direction. The aims were (i) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle (vari...
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| description | The Achilles tendon and epimuscular connective tissues mechanically link the triceps surae muscles. These pathways may cause joint moments exerted by each muscle individually not to sum linearly, both in magnitude and direction. The aims were (i) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle (varied between 150° and 70°) on isometric ankle moments, in both magnitude and direction, exerted by active rat triceps surae muscles, (ii) to assess ankle moment summation between those muscles for a range of ankle angles and (iii) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle and muscle activation on Achilles tendon length. At each ankle angle, soleus (SO) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were first excited separately to assess ankle-angle moment characteristics and subsequently both muscles were excited simultaneously to investigate moment summation. The magnitude of ankle moment exerted by SO and GA, the SO direction in the transverse and sagittal planes, and the GA direction in the transverse plane were significantly affected by ankle angle. SO moment direction in the frontal and sagittal planes were significantly different from that of GA. Nonlinear magnitude summation varied between 0.6±2.9% and -3.6±2.9%, while the nonlinear direction summation varied between 0.3±0.4° and -0.4±0.7° in the transverse plane, between 0.5±0.4° and 0.1±0.4° in the frontal plane, and between 3.0±7.9° and 0.3±2.3° in the sagittal plane. Changes in tendon length caused by SO contraction were significantly lower than those during contraction of GA and GA+SO simultaneously. Thus, moments exerted by GA and SO sum nonlinearly both in the magnitude and direction. The limited degree of nonlinear summation may be explained by different mechanisms acting in opposite directions. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0111595 |
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These pathways may cause joint moments exerted by each muscle individually not to sum linearly, both in magnitude and direction. The aims were (i) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle (varied between 150° and 70°) on isometric ankle moments, in both magnitude and direction, exerted by active rat triceps surae muscles, (ii) to assess ankle moment summation between those muscles for a range of ankle angles and (iii) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle and muscle activation on Achilles tendon length. At each ankle angle, soleus (SO) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were first excited separately to assess ankle-angle moment characteristics and subsequently both muscles were excited simultaneously to investigate moment summation. The magnitude of ankle moment exerted by SO and GA, the SO direction in the transverse and sagittal planes, and the GA direction in the transverse plane were significantly affected by ankle angle. SO moment direction in the frontal and sagittal planes were significantly different from that of GA. Nonlinear magnitude summation varied between 0.6±2.9% and -3.6±2.9%, while the nonlinear direction summation varied between 0.3±0.4° and -0.4±0.7° in the transverse plane, between 0.5±0.4° and 0.1±0.4° in the frontal plane, and between 3.0±7.9° and 0.3±2.3° in the sagittal plane. Changes in tendon length caused by SO contraction were significantly lower than those during contraction of GA and GA+SO simultaneously. Thus, moments exerted by GA and SO sum nonlinearly both in the magnitude and direction. The limited degree of nonlinear summation may be explained by different mechanisms acting in opposite directions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111595</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25360524</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Achilles tendon ; Achilles Tendon - physiology ; Animals ; Ankle ; Ankle - physiology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cats ; Connective tissues ; Electric Stimulation ; Hindlimb - physiology ; Male ; Muscle contraction ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Muscles ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Planes ; Rats, Wistar ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Rodents ; Sciatic Nerve - physiology ; Tendons ; Tissues</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-10, Vol.9 (10), p.e111595-e111595</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 Tijs et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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These pathways may cause joint moments exerted by each muscle individually not to sum linearly, both in magnitude and direction. The aims were (i) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle (varied between 150° and 70°) on isometric ankle moments, in both magnitude and direction, exerted by active rat triceps surae muscles, (ii) to assess ankle moment summation between those muscles for a range of ankle angles and (iii) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle and muscle activation on Achilles tendon length. At each ankle angle, soleus (SO) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were first excited separately to assess ankle-angle moment characteristics and subsequently both muscles were excited simultaneously to investigate moment summation. The magnitude of ankle moment exerted by SO and GA, the SO direction in the transverse and sagittal planes, and the GA direction in the transverse plane were significantly affected by ankle angle. SO moment direction in the frontal and sagittal planes were significantly different from that of GA. Nonlinear magnitude summation varied between 0.6±2.9% and -3.6±2.9%, while the nonlinear direction summation varied between 0.3±0.4° and -0.4±0.7° in the transverse plane, between 0.5±0.4° and 0.1±0.4° in the frontal plane, and between 3.0±7.9° and 0.3±2.3° in the sagittal plane. Changes in tendon length caused by SO contraction were significantly lower than those during contraction of GA and GA+SO simultaneously. Thus, moments exerted by GA and SO sum nonlinearly both in the magnitude and direction. The limited degree of nonlinear summation may be explained by different mechanisms acting in opposite directions.</description><subject>Achilles tendon</subject><subject>Achilles Tendon - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Ankle</subject><subject>Ankle - physiology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Cats</subject><subject>Connective tissues</subject><subject>Electric Stimulation</subject><subject>Hindlimb - physiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle contraction</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Nonlinear Dynamics</subject><subject>Planes</subject><subject>Rats, Wistar</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Sciatic Nerve - physiology</subject><subject>Tendons</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl-L1DAUxYso7rr6DUQLgujDjDdJ07QvwrL4Z2BhQUdfw22SzmRNm9mkFf32ZpzuMpV9kD60ufmdk5vbk2XPCSwJE-TdtR9Dj265871ZAiGE1_xBdkpqRhclBfbw6PskexLjNQBnVVk-zk4oZyVwWpxm6_U2GLPQtjN9tD4Z5tj_cCbvfKoMMa103vve2d5gyOPYdTgkLvdtHnDIh2CV2cW0ETCJxqiciU-zRy26aJ5N77Ps28cP64vPi8urT6uL88uFKms6LMoGSUNLwRkhFUKlWqQKmoYSUEwL0EzoWkNdAWsrqLQGAbykmHRcN41gZ9nLg-_O-SingURJSlJDxURFErE6ENrjtdwF22H4LT1a-bfgw0ZiGGxqWgqGjaBGARa6AKawqgThLeei5K2pdfJ6P502Np3RKo0noJuZznd6u5Ub_1MWNHUEkAzeTAbB34wmDrKzURnnsDd-3PdNAWhBS57QV_-g999uojaYLmD71qdz1d5UnhdEkIKDYIla3kOlR5vOqpSe1qb6TPB2JkjMYH4NGxxjlKuvX_6fvfo-Z18fsVuDbthG78Z9nuIcLA6gCj7GYNq7IROQ-_DfTkPuwy-n8CfZi-MfdCe6TTv7A_MC_pM</recordid><startdate>20141031</startdate><enddate>20141031</enddate><creator>Tijs, Chris</creator><creator>van Dieën, Jaap H</creator><creator>Baan, Guus C</creator><creator>Maas, Huub</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20141031</creationdate><title>Three-dimensional ankle moments and nonlinear summation of rat triceps surae muscles</title><author>Tijs, Chris ; van Dieën, Jaap H ; Baan, Guus C ; Maas, Huub</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-6ba1b26753118a08cfa2c0bb210c3d70d37d9d09803f808dd070562a6ba5dbb73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Achilles tendon</topic><topic>Achilles Tendon - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tijs, Chris</au><au>van Dieën, Jaap H</au><au>Baan, Guus C</au><au>Maas, Huub</au><au>Trumbower, Randy D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Three-dimensional ankle moments and nonlinear summation of rat triceps surae muscles</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-10-31</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e111595</spage><epage>e111595</epage><pages>e111595-e111595</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The Achilles tendon and epimuscular connective tissues mechanically link the triceps surae muscles. These pathways may cause joint moments exerted by each muscle individually not to sum linearly, both in magnitude and direction. The aims were (i) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle (varied between 150° and 70°) on isometric ankle moments, in both magnitude and direction, exerted by active rat triceps surae muscles, (ii) to assess ankle moment summation between those muscles for a range of ankle angles and (iii) to assess effects of sagittal plane ankle angle and muscle activation on Achilles tendon length. At each ankle angle, soleus (SO) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles were first excited separately to assess ankle-angle moment characteristics and subsequently both muscles were excited simultaneously to investigate moment summation. The magnitude of ankle moment exerted by SO and GA, the SO direction in the transverse and sagittal planes, and the GA direction in the transverse plane were significantly affected by ankle angle. SO moment direction in the frontal and sagittal planes were significantly different from that of GA. Nonlinear magnitude summation varied between 0.6±2.9% and -3.6±2.9%, while the nonlinear direction summation varied between 0.3±0.4° and -0.4±0.7° in the transverse plane, between 0.5±0.4° and 0.1±0.4° in the frontal plane, and between 3.0±7.9° and 0.3±2.3° in the sagittal plane. Changes in tendon length caused by SO contraction were significantly lower than those during contraction of GA and GA+SO simultaneously. Thus, moments exerted by GA and SO sum nonlinearly both in the magnitude and direction. The limited degree of nonlinear summation may be explained by different mechanisms acting in opposite directions.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25360524</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0111595</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Achilles tendon Achilles Tendon - physiology Animals Ankle Ankle - physiology Biology and Life Sciences Biomechanical Phenomena Cats Connective tissues Electric Stimulation Hindlimb - physiology Male Muscle contraction Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Muscles Nonlinear Dynamics Planes Rats, Wistar Research and Analysis Methods Rodents Sciatic Nerve - physiology Tendons Tissues |
| title | Three-dimensional ankle moments and nonlinear summation of rat triceps surae muscles |
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