Illegal and legal parrot trade shows a long-term, cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species increasing their risk of extinction
Illegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often....
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| description | Illegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981-2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0107546 |
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A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981-2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107546</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25225808</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Amazona oratrix ; Animals ; Attraction ; Bans ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Birds ; Body size ; Coloration ; Conservation biology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Crime ; Criminology ; Culture ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Endangered & extinct species ; Exports ; Extinction ; Extinction, Biological ; Human performance ; Marketing ; Mexico ; Multivariate analysis ; Parrots ; Poaching ; Preferences ; Pricing ; Risk ; Species extinction ; Speech ; Threatened species ; Variables ; Wildlife ; Wildlife conservation</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-09, Vol.9 (9), p.e107546-e107546</ispartof><rights>2014 Tella, Hiraldo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 Tella, Hiraldo 2014 Tella, Hiraldo</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-77a57cf133c3a07294c802e413731be3b6d08e463045104866e4ca4ed96a65f33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-77a57cf133c3a07294c802e413731be3b6d08e463045104866e4ca4ed96a65f33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166463/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166463/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25225808$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Roberts, David L.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Tella, José L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hiraldo, Fernando</creatorcontrib><title>Illegal and legal parrot trade shows a long-term, cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species increasing their risk of extinction</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Illegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981-2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries.</description><subject>Amazona oratrix</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Attraction</subject><subject>Bans</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Coloration</subject><subject>Conservation biology</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Crime</subject><subject>Criminology</subject><subject>Culture</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Exports</subject><subject>Extinction</subject><subject>Extinction, Biological</subject><subject>Human performance</subject><subject>Marketing</subject><subject>Mexico</subject><subject>Multivariate 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Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tella, José L</au><au>Hiraldo, Fernando</au><au>Roberts, David L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Illegal and legal parrot trade shows a long-term, cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species increasing their risk of extinction</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-09-16</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e107546</spage><epage>e107546</epage><pages>e107546-e107546</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Illegal trade constitutes a major threat for a variety of wildlife. A criminology framework has been recently applied to parrot poaching in Mexico, suggesting an opportunistic crime in which the most abundant and accessible species, and not the rare or highly priced species, were poached more often. We analyzed this information, together with additional long-term data (1981-2005) on both the legal and illegal trade of the 22 Mexican parrot species (n = 31,019 individuals), using multivariate statistics and hypothesis-testing approaches. Our results showed a selective capture of parrot species attending to their attractiveness. Parrot species widely differed in attractiveness to people (as reflected by their combined measures of body size, coloration, and ability to imitate human speech), and their attractiveness strongly correlated with their prices both in the Mexican and US markets. The most attractive and valuable species (amazons and macaws) were disproportionally caught attending to the number of years they were legally trapped. Similar patterns were found for parrots poached for the domestic Mexican market, for those smuggled to the USA, and for those legally exported before or after 1992, when the USA ban led parrot exports to be mostly directed to European countries. Finally, the long-term cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species has led them to be among the most threatened species today. Since current parrot poaching mostly responds to local demand, socio-ecological work is needed to reverse the long-standing pet-keeping tradition that may decimate the most desired species in Neotropical countries.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25225808</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0107546</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Amazona oratrix Animals Attraction Bans Biology and Life Sciences Birds Body size Coloration Conservation biology Conservation of Natural Resources Crime Criminology Culture Ecology and Environmental Sciences Endangered & extinct species Exports Extinction Extinction, Biological Human performance Marketing Mexico Multivariate analysis Parrots Poaching Preferences Pricing Risk Species extinction Speech Threatened species Variables Wildlife Wildlife conservation |
| title | Illegal and legal parrot trade shows a long-term, cross-cultural preference for the most attractive species increasing their risk of extinction |
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