Gypsophile chemistry unveiled: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides new insight into plant adaptations to gypsum soils
Gypsum soils are among the most restrictive and widespread substrates for plant life. Plants living on gypsum are classified as gypsophiles (exclusive to gypsum) and gypsovags (non-exclusive to gypsum). The former have been separated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, each with a putative different e...
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| description | Gypsum soils are among the most restrictive and widespread substrates for plant life. Plants living on gypsum are classified as gypsophiles (exclusive to gypsum) and gypsovags (non-exclusive to gypsum). The former have been separated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, each with a putative different ecological strategy. Mechanisms displayed by gypsum plants to compete and survive on gypsum are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the main chemical groups in the leaves of plants with different specificity to gypsum soils and to explore the ability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analyzed with neural network (NN) modelling to discriminate groups of gypsum plants. Leaf samples of 14 species with different specificity to gypsum soils were analysed with FTIR spectroscopy coupled to neural network (NN) modelling. Spectral data were further related to the N, C, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and ash concentrations of samples. The FTIR spectra of the three groups analyzed showed distinct features that enabled their discrimination through NN models. Wide gypsophiles stood out for the strong presence of inorganic compounds in their leaves, particularly gypsum and, in some species, also calcium oxalate crystals. The spectra of gypsovags had less inorganic chemical species, while those of narrow gypsum endemisms had low inorganics but shared with wide gypsophiles the presence of oxalate. Gypsum and calcium oxalate crystals seem to be widespread amongst gypsum specialist plants, possibly as a way to tolerate excess Ca and sulphate. However, other mechanisms such as the accumulation of sulphates in organic molecules are also compatible with plant specialization to gypsum. While gypsovags seem to be stress tolerant plants that tightly regulate the uptake of S and Ca, the ability of narrow gypsum endemisms to accumulate excess Ca as oxalate may indicate their incipient specialization to gypsum. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0107285 |
| format | Article |
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Plants living on gypsum are classified as gypsophiles (exclusive to gypsum) and gypsovags (non-exclusive to gypsum). The former have been separated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, each with a putative different ecological strategy. Mechanisms displayed by gypsum plants to compete and survive on gypsum are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the main chemical groups in the leaves of plants with different specificity to gypsum soils and to explore the ability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analyzed with neural network (NN) modelling to discriminate groups of gypsum plants. Leaf samples of 14 species with different specificity to gypsum soils were analysed with FTIR spectroscopy coupled to neural network (NN) modelling. Spectral data were further related to the N, C, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and ash concentrations of samples. The FTIR spectra of the three groups analyzed showed distinct features that enabled their discrimination through NN models. Wide gypsophiles stood out for the strong presence of inorganic compounds in their leaves, particularly gypsum and, in some species, also calcium oxalate crystals. The spectra of gypsovags had less inorganic chemical species, while those of narrow gypsum endemisms had low inorganics but shared with wide gypsophiles the presence of oxalate. Gypsum and calcium oxalate crystals seem to be widespread amongst gypsum specialist plants, possibly as a way to tolerate excess Ca and sulphate. However, other mechanisms such as the accumulation of sulphates in organic molecules are also compatible with plant specialization to gypsum. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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While gypsovags seem to be stress tolerant plants that tightly regulate the uptake of S and Ca, the ability of narrow gypsum endemisms to accumulate excess Ca as oxalate may indicate their incipient specialization to gypsum.</description><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Adaptations</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Artificial neural networks</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium oxalate</subject><subject>Chemical speciation</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Crystals</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Elements</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Gypsum</subject><subject>Infrared analysis</subject><subject>Infrared spectra</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Inorganic compounds</subject><subject>Leaves</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Modelling</subject><subject>Neural networks</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Oxalates</subject><subject>Oxalic acid</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plant Leaves - 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Plants living on gypsum are classified as gypsophiles (exclusive to gypsum) and gypsovags (non-exclusive to gypsum). The former have been separated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, each with a putative different ecological strategy. Mechanisms displayed by gypsum plants to compete and survive on gypsum are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the main chemical groups in the leaves of plants with different specificity to gypsum soils and to explore the ability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analyzed with neural network (NN) modelling to discriminate groups of gypsum plants. Leaf samples of 14 species with different specificity to gypsum soils were analysed with FTIR spectroscopy coupled to neural network (NN) modelling. Spectral data were further related to the N, C, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and ash concentrations of samples. The FTIR spectra of the three groups analyzed showed distinct features that enabled their discrimination through NN models. Wide gypsophiles stood out for the strong presence of inorganic compounds in their leaves, particularly gypsum and, in some species, also calcium oxalate crystals. The spectra of gypsovags had less inorganic chemical species, while those of narrow gypsum endemisms had low inorganics but shared with wide gypsophiles the presence of oxalate. Gypsum and calcium oxalate crystals seem to be widespread amongst gypsum specialist plants, possibly as a way to tolerate excess Ca and sulphate. However, other mechanisms such as the accumulation of sulphates in organic molecules are also compatible with plant specialization to gypsum. While gypsovags seem to be stress tolerant plants that tightly regulate the uptake of S and Ca, the ability of narrow gypsum endemisms to accumulate excess Ca as oxalate may indicate their incipient specialization to gypsum.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25222564</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0107285</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adaptation Adaptations Analysis Artificial neural networks Biochemistry Biodiversity Biology and Life Sciences Calcium Calcium oxalate Chemical speciation Chemistry Crystals Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Elements Flowers & plants Fourier transforms Gypsum Infrared analysis Infrared spectra Infrared spectroscopy Inorganic compounds Leaves Metabolism Modelling Neural networks Organic chemistry Oxalates Oxalic acid Physiology Plant Leaves - chemistry Plant sciences Plants - chemistry Soil - chemistry Soil analysis Soils Specialization Species Spectroscopy Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared - methods Studies Substrates Sulfates Sulfur |
| title | Gypsophile chemistry unveiled: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides new insight into plant adaptations to gypsum soils |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T11%3A33%3A53IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gypsophile%20chemistry%20unveiled:%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20(FTIR)%20spectroscopy%20provides%20new%20insight%20into%20plant%20adaptations%20to%20gypsum%20soils&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Palacio,%20Sara&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e107285&rft.epage=e107285&rft.pages=e107285-e107285&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107285&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA418530054%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1562148861&rft_id=info:pmid/25222564&rft_galeid=A418530054&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_f3ff122d681749d4adde1e52ce9d43bc&rfr_iscdi=true |