The endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas SaMR12, improves the potential for zinc phytoremediation by its host, Sedum alfredii
The endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas SaMR12, isolated from Sedum alfredii Hance, appears to increase plant biomass and zinc-extraction from contaminated soil; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. Here, the ability of SaMR12 to promote zinc extraction and its effects on root mo...
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| description | The endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas SaMR12, isolated from Sedum alfredii Hance, appears to increase plant biomass and zinc-extraction from contaminated soil; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is not clear. Here, the ability of SaMR12 to promote zinc extraction and its effects on root morphology and exudation were examined in hydroponics. Zinc treatment increased shoot biomass by 30 to 45%, and by a further 10 to 19% when combined with SaMR12 inoculation. Zinc treatment also increased zinc accumulation modestly and this too was enhanced with SaMR12. Both biomass and zinc levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with significant effects seen at 50 µM zinc and apparent saturation at 500 µM. Zinc and the endophyte also increased levels of auxin but not at 50 µM and zinc increased levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide but mainly at 500 µM. As for root morphology, SaMR12 increased root branching, the number of root tips, and surface area. Zinc and SaMR12 also increased the exudation of oxalic acid. For most assays the effects of the endophyte and zinc were additive, with the notable exception of SaMR12 strongly reducing the production of reactive oxygen species at 500 µM zinc. Taken together, these results suggest that the promotion of growth and zinc uptake by exposure to zinc and to SaMR12 are independent of reactive oxygen and do not involve increases in auxin. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0106826 |
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Here, the ability of SaMR12 to promote zinc extraction and its effects on root morphology and exudation were examined in hydroponics. Zinc treatment increased shoot biomass by 30 to 45%, and by a further 10 to 19% when combined with SaMR12 inoculation. Zinc treatment also increased zinc accumulation modestly and this too was enhanced with SaMR12. Both biomass and zinc levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with significant effects seen at 50 µM zinc and apparent saturation at 500 µM. Zinc and the endophyte also increased levels of auxin but not at 50 µM and zinc increased levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide but mainly at 500 µM. As for root morphology, SaMR12 increased root branching, the number of root tips, and surface area. Zinc and SaMR12 also increased the exudation of oxalic acid. For most assays the effects of the endophyte and zinc were additive, with the notable exception of SaMR12 strongly reducing the production of reactive oxygen species at 500 µM zinc. Taken together, these results suggest that the promotion of growth and zinc uptake by exposure to zinc and to SaMR12 are independent of reactive oxygen and do not involve increases in auxin.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106826</identifier><identifier>PMID: 25198772</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Bioavailability ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomass ; Cadmium ; College campuses ; Ecosystems ; Endophytes ; Engineering and Technology ; Experiments ; Exudation ; Heavy metals ; Hydrogen ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Hydroponics ; Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism ; Inoculation ; Laboratories ; Metals ; Morphology ; Oxalic acid ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxygen ; Oxygen - metabolism ; Phytoremediation ; Plant biomass ; Plant extracts ; Plant Roots - metabolism ; Reactive oxygen species ; Sediment pollution ; Sedum - metabolism ; Sedum alfredii ; Soil contamination ; Soil pollution ; Sphingomonas ; Sphingomonas - physiology ; Superoxide ; Surface area ; Tips ; Zinc ; Zinc - metabolism</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-09, Vol.9 (9), p.e106826</ispartof><rights>2014 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Here, the ability of SaMR12 to promote zinc extraction and its effects on root morphology and exudation were examined in hydroponics. Zinc treatment increased shoot biomass by 30 to 45%, and by a further 10 to 19% when combined with SaMR12 inoculation. Zinc treatment also increased zinc accumulation modestly and this too was enhanced with SaMR12. Both biomass and zinc levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with significant effects seen at 50 µM zinc and apparent saturation at 500 µM. Zinc and the endophyte also increased levels of auxin but not at 50 µM and zinc increased levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide but mainly at 500 µM. As for root morphology, SaMR12 increased root branching, the number of root tips, and surface area. Zinc and SaMR12 also increased the exudation of oxalic acid. For most assays the effects of the endophyte and zinc were additive, with the notable exception of SaMR12 strongly reducing the production of reactive oxygen species at 500 µM zinc. Taken together, these results suggest that the promotion of growth and zinc uptake by exposure to zinc and to SaMR12 are independent of reactive oxygen and do not involve increases in auxin.</description><subject>Bioavailability</subject><subject>Biodegradation, Environmental</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>College campuses</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Endophytes</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Experiments</subject><subject>Exudation</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Hydrogen</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Hydroponics</subject><subject>Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism</subject><subject>Inoculation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Oxalic acid</subject><subject>Oxidative Stress</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Oxygen - metabolism</subject><subject>Phytoremediation</subject><subject>Plant biomass</subject><subject>Plant extracts</subject><subject>Plant Roots - 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Here, the ability of SaMR12 to promote zinc extraction and its effects on root morphology and exudation were examined in hydroponics. Zinc treatment increased shoot biomass by 30 to 45%, and by a further 10 to 19% when combined with SaMR12 inoculation. Zinc treatment also increased zinc accumulation modestly and this too was enhanced with SaMR12. Both biomass and zinc levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with significant effects seen at 50 µM zinc and apparent saturation at 500 µM. Zinc and the endophyte also increased levels of auxin but not at 50 µM and zinc increased levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide but mainly at 500 µM. As for root morphology, SaMR12 increased root branching, the number of root tips, and surface area. Zinc and SaMR12 also increased the exudation of oxalic acid. For most assays the effects of the endophyte and zinc were additive, with the notable exception of SaMR12 strongly reducing the production of reactive oxygen species at 500 µM zinc. Taken together, these results suggest that the promotion of growth and zinc uptake by exposure to zinc and to SaMR12 are independent of reactive oxygen and do not involve increases in auxin.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>25198772</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0106826</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bioavailability Biodegradation, Environmental Biology and Life Sciences Biomass Cadmium College campuses Ecosystems Endophytes Engineering and Technology Experiments Exudation Heavy metals Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide Hydroponics Indoleacetic Acids - metabolism Inoculation Laboratories Metals Morphology Oxalic acid Oxidative Stress Oxygen Oxygen - metabolism Phytoremediation Plant biomass Plant extracts Plant Roots - metabolism Reactive oxygen species Sediment pollution Sedum - metabolism Sedum alfredii Soil contamination Soil pollution Sphingomonas Sphingomonas - physiology Superoxide Surface area Tips Zinc Zinc - metabolism |
| title | The endophytic bacterium, Sphingomonas SaMR12, improves the potential for zinc phytoremediation by its host, Sedum alfredii |
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