A longitudinal study on dual-tasking effects on gait: cognitive change predicts gait variance in the elderly
Neuropsychological abilities have found to explain a large proportion of variance in objective measures of walking gait that predict both dementia and falling within the elderly. However, to this date there has been little research on the interplay between changes in these neuropsychological process...
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| creator | MacAulay, Rebecca K Brouillette, Robert M Foil, Heather C Bruce-Keller, Annadora J Keller, Jeffrey N |
| description | Neuropsychological abilities have found to explain a large proportion of variance in objective measures of walking gait that predict both dementia and falling within the elderly. However, to this date there has been little research on the interplay between changes in these neuropsychological processes and walking gait overtime. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate intra-individual changes in neurocognitive test performance and gait step time at two-time points across a one-year span. Neuropsychological test scores from 440 elderly individuals deemed cognitively normal at Year One were analyzed via repeated measures t-tests to assess for decline in cognitive performance at Year Two. 34 of these 440 individuals neuropsychological test performance significantly declined at Year Two; whereas the "non-decliners" displayed improved memory, working memory, attention/processing speed test performance. Neuropsychological test scores were also submitted to factor analysis at both time points for data reduction purposes and to assess the factor stability overtime. Results at Year One yielded a three-factor solution: Language/Memory, Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Working Memory. Year Two's test scores also generated a three-factor solution (Working Memory, Language/Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Memory). Notably, language measures loaded on Executive Attention/Processing Speed rather than on the Memory factor at Year Two. Hierarchal multiple regression revealed that both Executive Attention/Processing Speed and sex significantly predicted variance in dual task step time at both time points. Remarkably, in the "decliners", the magnitude of the contribution of the neuropsychological characteristics to gait variance significantly increased at Year Two. In summary, this study provides longitudinal evidence of the dynamic relationship between intra-individual cognitive change and its influence on dual task gait step time. These results also indicate that the failure to show improved test performance (particularly, on memory tests) with repeated administrations might prove to be useful of indicator of early cognitive decline. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0099436 |
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However, to this date there has been little research on the interplay between changes in these neuropsychological processes and walking gait overtime. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate intra-individual changes in neurocognitive test performance and gait step time at two-time points across a one-year span. Neuropsychological test scores from 440 elderly individuals deemed cognitively normal at Year One were analyzed via repeated measures t-tests to assess for decline in cognitive performance at Year Two. 34 of these 440 individuals neuropsychological test performance significantly declined at Year Two; whereas the "non-decliners" displayed improved memory, working memory, attention/processing speed test performance. Neuropsychological test scores were also submitted to factor analysis at both time points for data reduction purposes and to assess the factor stability overtime. Results at Year One yielded a three-factor solution: Language/Memory, Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Working Memory. Year Two's test scores also generated a three-factor solution (Working Memory, Language/Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Memory). Notably, language measures loaded on Executive Attention/Processing Speed rather than on the Memory factor at Year Two. Hierarchal multiple regression revealed that both Executive Attention/Processing Speed and sex significantly predicted variance in dual task step time at both time points. Remarkably, in the "decliners", the magnitude of the contribution of the neuropsychological characteristics to gait variance significantly increased at Year Two. In summary, this study provides longitudinal evidence of the dynamic relationship between intra-individual cognitive change and its influence on dual task gait step time. These results also indicate that the failure to show improved test performance (particularly, on memory tests) with repeated administrations might prove to be useful of indicator of early cognitive decline.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099436</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24905590</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Accidental falls ; Age ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Analysis ; Attention ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomedical research ; Cognition ; Cognition Disorders - physiopathology ; Cognitive ability ; Cognitive tasks ; Correlation analysis ; Data reduction ; Dementia ; Dementia disorders ; Elderly ; Factor analysis ; Female ; Gait ; Geriatrics ; Humans ; Language ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Memory ; Memory, Short-Term ; Older people ; Regression analysis ; Short term memory ; Stability analysis ; Systematic review ; Velocity ; Walking</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-06, Vol.9 (6), p.e99436-e99436</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 MacAulay et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 MacAulay et al 2014 MacAulay et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-e5506ad3cfbeb3cd80c9ccd8cb4cec4255b3ea136c1e6fb186c6052eacd184573</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-e5506ad3cfbeb3cd80c9ccd8cb4cec4255b3ea136c1e6fb186c6052eacd184573</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048284/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048284/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24905590$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>MacAulay, Rebecca K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brouillette, Robert M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Foil, Heather C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bruce-Keller, Annadora J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keller, Jeffrey N</creatorcontrib><title>A longitudinal study on dual-tasking effects on gait: cognitive change predicts gait variance in the elderly</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Neuropsychological abilities have found to explain a large proportion of variance in objective measures of walking gait that predict both dementia and falling within the elderly. However, to this date there has been little research on the interplay between changes in these neuropsychological processes and walking gait overtime. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate intra-individual changes in neurocognitive test performance and gait step time at two-time points across a one-year span. Neuropsychological test scores from 440 elderly individuals deemed cognitively normal at Year One were analyzed via repeated measures t-tests to assess for decline in cognitive performance at Year Two. 34 of these 440 individuals neuropsychological test performance significantly declined at Year Two; whereas the "non-decliners" displayed improved memory, working memory, attention/processing speed test performance. Neuropsychological test scores were also submitted to factor analysis at both time points for data reduction purposes and to assess the factor stability overtime. 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These results also indicate that the failure to show improved test performance (particularly, on memory tests) with repeated administrations might prove to be useful of indicator of early cognitive decline.</description><subject>Accidental falls</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Attention</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedical research</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognition Disorders - physiopathology</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Cognitive tasks</subject><subject>Correlation analysis</subject><subject>Data reduction</subject><subject>Dementia</subject><subject>Dementia disorders</subject><subject>Elderly</subject><subject>Factor analysis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gait</subject><subject>Geriatrics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Language</subject><subject>Longitudinal 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N</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A longitudinal study on dual-tasking effects on gait: cognitive change predicts gait variance in the elderly</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-06-06</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e99436</spage><epage>e99436</epage><pages>e99436-e99436</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Neuropsychological abilities have found to explain a large proportion of variance in objective measures of walking gait that predict both dementia and falling within the elderly. However, to this date there has been little research on the interplay between changes in these neuropsychological processes and walking gait overtime. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate intra-individual changes in neurocognitive test performance and gait step time at two-time points across a one-year span. Neuropsychological test scores from 440 elderly individuals deemed cognitively normal at Year One were analyzed via repeated measures t-tests to assess for decline in cognitive performance at Year Two. 34 of these 440 individuals neuropsychological test performance significantly declined at Year Two; whereas the "non-decliners" displayed improved memory, working memory, attention/processing speed test performance. Neuropsychological test scores were also submitted to factor analysis at both time points for data reduction purposes and to assess the factor stability overtime. Results at Year One yielded a three-factor solution: Language/Memory, Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Working Memory. Year Two's test scores also generated a three-factor solution (Working Memory, Language/Executive Attention/Processing Speed, and Memory). Notably, language measures loaded on Executive Attention/Processing Speed rather than on the Memory factor at Year Two. Hierarchal multiple regression revealed that both Executive Attention/Processing Speed and sex significantly predicted variance in dual task step time at both time points. Remarkably, in the "decliners", the magnitude of the contribution of the neuropsychological characteristics to gait variance significantly increased at Year Two. In summary, this study provides longitudinal evidence of the dynamic relationship between intra-individual cognitive change and its influence on dual task gait step time. These results also indicate that the failure to show improved test performance (particularly, on memory tests) with repeated administrations might prove to be useful of indicator of early cognitive decline.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24905590</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0099436</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Accidental falls Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Analysis Attention Biology and Life Sciences Biomedical research Cognition Cognition Disorders - physiopathology Cognitive ability Cognitive tasks Correlation analysis Data reduction Dementia Dementia disorders Elderly Factor analysis Female Gait Geriatrics Humans Language Longitudinal Studies Male Medicine and Health Sciences Memory Memory, Short-Term Older people Regression analysis Short term memory Stability analysis Systematic review Velocity Walking |
| title | A longitudinal study on dual-tasking effects on gait: cognitive change predicts gait variance in the elderly |
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