Long-term effects of liming on health and growth of a Masson pine stand damaged by soil acidification in Chongqing, China
In the last decades, the Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests in Chongqing, southwest China, have increasingly declined. Soil acidification was believed to be an important cause. Liming is widely used as a measure to alleviate soil acidification and its damage to trees, but little is known about l...
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| description | In the last decades, the Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests in Chongqing, southwest China, have increasingly declined. Soil acidification was believed to be an important cause. Liming is widely used as a measure to alleviate soil acidification and its damage to trees, but little is known about long-term effects of liming on the health and growth of declining Masson pine forests. Soil chemical properties, health condition (defoliation and discoloration), and growth were evaluated following application of limestone powder (0 (unlimed control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1)) in an acidified and declining Masson pine stand at Tieshanping (TSP) of Chongqing. Eight years after liming, in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm mineral soil layers, soil pH values, exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents, and Ca/Al molar ratios increased, but exchangeable aluminum (Al) levels decreased, and as a result, length densities of living fine roots of Masson pine increased, with increasing dose. Mean crown defoliation of Masson pines (dominant, codominant and subdominant pines, according to Kraft classes 1-3) decreased with increasing dose, and it linearly decreased with length densities of living fine roots. However, Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) in all treatments showed no symptoms of discoloration. Mean current-year twig length, twig dry weight, needle number per twig, needle length per twig, and needle dry weight per twig increased with increasing dose. Over 8 years, mean height increment of Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) increased from 5.5 m in the control to 5.8, 6.9, 8.3, and 9.5 m in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1) lime treatments, and their mean DBH (diameter at breast height) increment increased from 3.1 to 3.2, 3.8, 4.9, and 6.2 cm, respectively. The values of all aboveground growth parameters linearly increased with length densities of living fine roots. Our results show that liming improved tree health and growth, and these effects increased with increasing dose. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0094230 |
| format | Article |
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Soil acidification was believed to be an important cause. Liming is widely used as a measure to alleviate soil acidification and its damage to trees, but little is known about long-term effects of liming on the health and growth of declining Masson pine forests. Soil chemical properties, health condition (defoliation and discoloration), and growth were evaluated following application of limestone powder (0 (unlimed control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1)) in an acidified and declining Masson pine stand at Tieshanping (TSP) of Chongqing. Eight years after liming, in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm mineral soil layers, soil pH values, exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents, and Ca/Al molar ratios increased, but exchangeable aluminum (Al) levels decreased, and as a result, length densities of living fine roots of Masson pine increased, with increasing dose. Mean crown defoliation of Masson pines (dominant, codominant and subdominant pines, according to Kraft classes 1-3) decreased with increasing dose, and it linearly decreased with length densities of living fine roots. However, Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) in all treatments showed no symptoms of discoloration. Mean current-year twig length, twig dry weight, needle number per twig, needle length per twig, and needle dry weight per twig increased with increasing dose. Over 8 years, mean height increment of Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) increased from 5.5 m in the control to 5.8, 6.9, 8.3, and 9.5 m in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1) lime treatments, and their mean DBH (diameter at breast height) increment increased from 3.1 to 3.2, 3.8, 4.9, and 6.2 cm, respectively. The values of all aboveground growth parameters linearly increased with length densities of living fine roots. Our results show that liming improved tree health and growth, and these effects increased with increasing dose.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094230</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24728089</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acid Rain ; Acidic soils ; Acidification ; Aluminum ; Analysis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Calcium ; Calcium Compounds ; Chemical properties ; China ; Coniferous forests ; Defoliation ; Dental roots ; Discoloration ; Dosage ; Ecology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Economic reform ; Ecosystems ; Environmental aspects ; Forest soils ; Forestry ; Forests ; Geochemistry ; Growth ; Health ; Hydroxyapatite ; Influence ; Limestone ; Liming ; Long-term effects ; Oxides ; pH effects ; Picea abies ; Pine ; Pine trees ; Pinus - growth & development ; Pinus sylvestris ; Powder ; Roots ; Science ; Soil ; Soil acidification ; Soil acidity ; Soil chemistry ; Soil conditions ; Soil contamination ; Soil layers ; Soil lime ; Soil pH ; Soil properties ; Soil sciences ; Studies ; Sulfur ; Trees</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-04, Vol.9 (4), p.e94230</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 Li et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 Li et al 2014 Li et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-7f64fe90ac4f02e0f088e4d7c8aaf365e88bbfe473652c0d2483aad5889b19b33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-7f64fe90ac4f02e0f088e4d7c8aaf365e88bbfe473652c0d2483aad5889b19b33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984123/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984123/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24728089$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Balestrini, Raffaella</contributor><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhiyong</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yanhui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Hao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Tao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhen-Hua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Guoan</creatorcontrib><title>Long-term effects of liming on health and growth of a Masson pine stand damaged by soil acidification in Chongqing, China</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>In the last decades, the Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests in Chongqing, southwest China, have increasingly declined. Soil acidification was believed to be an important cause. Liming is widely used as a measure to alleviate soil acidification and its damage to trees, but little is known about long-term effects of liming on the health and growth of declining Masson pine forests. Soil chemical properties, health condition (defoliation and discoloration), and growth were evaluated following application of limestone powder (0 (unlimed control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1)) in an acidified and declining Masson pine stand at Tieshanping (TSP) of Chongqing. Eight years after liming, in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm mineral soil layers, soil pH values, exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents, and Ca/Al molar ratios increased, but exchangeable aluminum (Al) levels decreased, and as a result, length densities of living fine roots of Masson pine increased, with increasing dose. Mean crown defoliation of Masson pines (dominant, codominant and subdominant pines, according to Kraft classes 1-3) decreased with increasing dose, and it linearly decreased with length densities of living fine roots. However, Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) in all treatments showed no symptoms of discoloration. Mean current-year twig length, twig dry weight, needle number per twig, needle length per twig, and needle dry weight per twig increased with increasing dose. Over 8 years, mean height increment of Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) increased from 5.5 m in the control to 5.8, 6.9, 8.3, and 9.5 m in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1) lime treatments, and their mean DBH (diameter at breast height) increment increased from 3.1 to 3.2, 3.8, 4.9, and 6.2 cm, respectively. The values of all aboveground growth parameters linearly increased with length densities of living fine roots. Our results show that liming improved tree health and growth, and these effects increased with increasing dose.</description><subject>Acid Rain</subject><subject>Acidic soils</subject><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium Compounds</subject><subject>Chemical properties</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Coniferous forests</subject><subject>Defoliation</subject><subject>Dental roots</subject><subject>Discoloration</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Economic reform</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Forest soils</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Growth</subject><subject>Health</subject><subject>Hydroxyapatite</subject><subject>Influence</subject><subject>Limestone</subject><subject>Liming</subject><subject>Long-term effects</subject><subject>Oxides</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Picea abies</subject><subject>Pine</subject><subject>Pine trees</subject><subject>Pinus - growth & development</subject><subject>Pinus sylvestris</subject><subject>Powder</subject><subject>Roots</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil acidification</subject><subject>Soil acidity</subject><subject>Soil chemistry</subject><subject>Soil conditions</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil layers</subject><subject>Soil lime</subject><subject>Soil pH</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soil sciences</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Sulfur</subject><subject>Trees</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkmuLEzEUhgdR3LX6D0QDgiDYmus080VYipdCZcHb13Aml2nKzKQ7mar992bs7NIBBcmHHHKe857w8mbZU4IXhC3Jm104dC3Ui31o7QLjglOG72WXpGB0nlPM7p_VF9mjGHcYCybz_GF2QfmSSiyLy-y4CW01723XIOuc1X1EwaHaN76tUGjR1kLdbxG0BlVd-JnK1Ab0CWJM3b1vLYr90DXQQGUNKo8oBl8j0N545zX0PoG-Ratt2nSTZF-n0rfwOHvgoI72yXjPsm_v331dfZxvrj-sV1ebuc4L2s-XLufOFhg0d5ha7LCUlpullgCO5cJKWZbO8mWqqcaGcskAjJCyKElRMjbLnp9093WIanQtKiKIoEVyCCdifSJMgJ3ad76B7qgCePXnIXSVgq73urbKmJIJKYCWznDBSJGXhDhRGMmFEHbY9nbcdigba7Rt-w7qiei00_qtqsIPxQrJCR0EXowCXbg52Nj_48sjVUH6lW9dSGK68VGrK7YUQjKefJhli79Q6RjbeJ1y43x6nwy8mgwkpre_-goOMar1l8__z15_n7Ivz9hTpmKoD0M24hTkJ1B3IcbOujvnCFZD7G_dUEPs1Rj7NPbs3PW7oducs9-GAv14</recordid><startdate>20140401</startdate><enddate>20140401</enddate><creator>Li, 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effects of liming on health and growth of a Masson pine stand damaged by soil acidification in Chongqing, China</title><author>Li, Zhiyong ; Wang, Yanhui ; Liu, Yuan ; Guo, Hao ; Li, Tao ; Li, Zhen-Hua ; Shi, Guoan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-7f64fe90ac4f02e0f088e4d7c8aaf365e88bbfe473652c0d2483aad5889b19b33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Acid Rain</topic><topic>Acidic soils</topic><topic>Acidification</topic><topic>Aluminum</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium Compounds</topic><topic>Chemical properties</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Coniferous forests</topic><topic>Defoliation</topic><topic>Dental roots</topic><topic>Discoloration</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Economic 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titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Li, Zhiyong</au><au>Wang, Yanhui</au><au>Liu, Yuan</au><au>Guo, Hao</au><au>Li, Tao</au><au>Li, Zhen-Hua</au><au>Shi, Guoan</au><au>Balestrini, Raffaella</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Long-term effects of liming on health and growth of a Masson pine stand damaged by soil acidification in Chongqing, China</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-04-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e94230</spage><pages>e94230-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>In the last decades, the Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forests in Chongqing, southwest China, have increasingly declined. Soil acidification was believed to be an important cause. Liming is widely used as a measure to alleviate soil acidification and its damage to trees, but little is known about long-term effects of liming on the health and growth of declining Masson pine forests. Soil chemical properties, health condition (defoliation and discoloration), and growth were evaluated following application of limestone powder (0 (unlimed control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1)) in an acidified and declining Masson pine stand at Tieshanping (TSP) of Chongqing. Eight years after liming, in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm mineral soil layers, soil pH values, exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents, and Ca/Al molar ratios increased, but exchangeable aluminum (Al) levels decreased, and as a result, length densities of living fine roots of Masson pine increased, with increasing dose. Mean crown defoliation of Masson pines (dominant, codominant and subdominant pines, according to Kraft classes 1-3) decreased with increasing dose, and it linearly decreased with length densities of living fine roots. However, Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) in all treatments showed no symptoms of discoloration. Mean current-year twig length, twig dry weight, needle number per twig, needle length per twig, and needle dry weight per twig increased with increasing dose. Over 8 years, mean height increment of Masson pines (Kraft classes 1-3) increased from 5.5 m in the control to 5.8, 6.9, 8.3, and 9.5 m in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha(-1) lime treatments, and their mean DBH (diameter at breast height) increment increased from 3.1 to 3.2, 3.8, 4.9, and 6.2 cm, respectively. The values of all aboveground growth parameters linearly increased with length densities of living fine roots. Our results show that liming improved tree health and growth, and these effects increased with increasing dose.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24728089</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0094230</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1515291930 |
| source | MEDLINE; Full-Text Journals in Chemistry (Open access); DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science; PubMed Central; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Acid Rain Acidic soils Acidification Aluminum Analysis Biology and Life Sciences Calcium Calcium Compounds Chemical properties China Coniferous forests Defoliation Dental roots Discoloration Dosage Ecology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Economic reform Ecosystems Environmental aspects Forest soils Forestry Forests Geochemistry Growth Health Hydroxyapatite Influence Limestone Liming Long-term effects Oxides pH effects Picea abies Pine Pine trees Pinus - growth & development Pinus sylvestris Powder Roots Science Soil Soil acidification Soil acidity Soil chemistry Soil conditions Soil contamination Soil layers Soil lime Soil pH Soil properties Soil sciences Studies Sulfur Trees |
| title | Long-term effects of liming on health and growth of a Masson pine stand damaged by soil acidification in Chongqing, China |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-10T18%3A37%3A55IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long-term%20effects%20of%20liming%20on%20health%20and%20growth%20of%20a%20Masson%20pine%20stand%20damaged%20by%20soil%20acidification%20in%20Chongqing,%20China&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Li,%20Zhiyong&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e94230&rft.pages=e94230-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094230&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA375583448%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1515291930&rft_id=info:pmid/24728089&rft_galeid=A375583448&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_ddb3585a2bfd453196b11f59d84555e3&rfr_iscdi=true |