Repair of segmental bone defect using Totally Vitalized tissue engineered bone graft by a combined perfusion seeding and culture system
The basic strategy to construct tissue engineered bone graft (TEBG) is to combine osteoblastic cells with three dimensional (3D) scaffold. Based on this strategy, we proposed the "Totally Vitalized TEBG" (TV-TEBG) which was characterized by abundant and homogenously distributed cells with...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2014-04, Vol.9 (4), p.e94276 |
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| creator | Wang, Lin Ma, Xiang-Yu Zhang, Yang Feng, Ya-Fei Li, Xiang Hu, Yun-Yu Wang, Zhen Ma, Zhen-Sheng Lei, Wei |
| description | The basic strategy to construct tissue engineered bone graft (TEBG) is to combine osteoblastic cells with three dimensional (3D) scaffold. Based on this strategy, we proposed the "Totally Vitalized TEBG" (TV-TEBG) which was characterized by abundant and homogenously distributed cells with enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation and further investigated its biological performance in repairing segmental bone defect.
In this study, we constructed the TV-TEBG with the combination of customized flow perfusion seeding/culture system and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold fabricated by Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique. We systemically compared three kinds of TEBG constructed by perfusion seeding and perfusion culture (PSPC) method, static seeding and perfusion culture (SSPC) method, and static seeding and static culture (SSSC) method for their in vitro performance and bone defect healing efficacy with a rabbit model.
Our study has demonstrated that TEBG constructed by PSPC method exhibited better biological properties with higher daily D-glucose consumption, increased cell proliferation and differentiation, and better cell distribution, indicating the successful construction of TV-TEBG. After implanted into rabbit radius defects for 12 weeks, PSPC group exerted higher X-ray score close to autograft, much greater mechanical property evidenced by the biomechanical testing and significantly higher new bone formation as shown by histological analysis compared with the other two groups, and eventually obtained favorable healing efficacy of the segmental bone defect that was the closest to autograft transplantation.
This study demonstrated the feasibility of TV-TEBG construction with combination of perfusion seeding, perfusion culture and RP technique which exerted excellent biological properties. The application of TV-TEBG may become a preferred candidate for segmental bone defect repair in orthopedic and maxillofacial fields. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0094276 |
| format | Article |
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In this study, we constructed the TV-TEBG with the combination of customized flow perfusion seeding/culture system and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold fabricated by Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique. We systemically compared three kinds of TEBG constructed by perfusion seeding and perfusion culture (PSPC) method, static seeding and perfusion culture (SSPC) method, and static seeding and static culture (SSSC) method for their in vitro performance and bone defect healing efficacy with a rabbit model.
Our study has demonstrated that TEBG constructed by PSPC method exhibited better biological properties with higher daily D-glucose consumption, increased cell proliferation and differentiation, and better cell distribution, indicating the successful construction of TV-TEBG. After implanted into rabbit radius defects for 12 weeks, PSPC group exerted higher X-ray score close to autograft, much greater mechanical property evidenced by the biomechanical testing and significantly higher new bone formation as shown by histological analysis compared with the other two groups, and eventually obtained favorable healing efficacy of the segmental bone defect that was the closest to autograft transplantation.
This study demonstrated the feasibility of TV-TEBG construction with combination of perfusion seeding, perfusion culture and RP technique which exerted excellent biological properties. The application of TV-TEBG may become a preferred candidate for segmental bone defect repair in orthopedic and maxillofacial fields.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094276</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24728277</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism ; Animals ; Biocompatibility ; Bioengineering ; Biological properties ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomechanical Phenomena - drug effects ; Biomechanics ; Biomedical materials ; Bioreactors ; Bone diseases ; Bone grafts ; Bone growth ; Bone healing ; Bone marrow ; Bone Regeneration - drug effects ; Bone Transplantation ; Bone-grafting ; Bones ; Calcium phosphates ; Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology ; Care and treatment ; Cell adhesion & migration ; Cell culture ; Cell growth ; Cell proliferation ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; Compressive Strength - drug effects ; Construction ; Construction methods ; Defects ; Design ; Diagnosis ; Differentiation ; Engineering and Technology ; Feasibility studies ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes - metabolism ; Glucose ; Glucose - metabolism ; Grafting ; Healing ; Hydroxyapatite ; Implants, Experimental ; In vitro methods and tests ; Maxillofacial ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methods ; Morphology ; Orthopedics ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoblasts - cytology ; Osteoblasts - drug effects ; Osteoblasts - enzymology ; Osteogenesis ; Perfusion ; Phosphates ; Physiological aspects ; Rabbits ; Radius ; Radius - diagnostic imaging ; Radius - drug effects ; Radius - pathology ; Radius - surgery ; Rapid prototyping ; Repair ; Shear stress ; Skin & tissue grafts ; Staining and Labeling ; Stem cells ; Studies ; Time Factors ; Tissue Culture Techniques ; Tissue engineering ; Tissue Engineering - methods ; Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry ; Transplantation ; Tricalcium phosphate ; Wound Healing - drug effects ; X-Ray Microtomography</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-04, Vol.9 (4), p.e94276</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 Wang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 Wang et al 2014 Wang et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cb295ad7ebf395ae992e5c8aaa0cf8bc6ed39d01d2ea9161f0fd8b377ff4c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cb295ad7ebf395ae992e5c8aaa0cf8bc6ed39d01d2ea9161f0fd8b377ff4c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984127/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984127/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24728277$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Awad, Hani A.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Xiang-Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Feng, Ya-Fei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Yun-Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Zhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Zhen-Sheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lei, Wei</creatorcontrib><title>Repair of segmental bone defect using Totally Vitalized tissue engineered bone graft by a combined perfusion seeding and culture system</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The basic strategy to construct tissue engineered bone graft (TEBG) is to combine osteoblastic cells with three dimensional (3D) scaffold. Based on this strategy, we proposed the "Totally Vitalized TEBG" (TV-TEBG) which was characterized by abundant and homogenously distributed cells with enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation and further investigated its biological performance in repairing segmental bone defect.
In this study, we constructed the TV-TEBG with the combination of customized flow perfusion seeding/culture system and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold fabricated by Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique. We systemically compared three kinds of TEBG constructed by perfusion seeding and perfusion culture (PSPC) method, static seeding and perfusion culture (SSPC) method, and static seeding and static culture (SSSC) method for their in vitro performance and bone defect healing efficacy with a rabbit model.
Our study has demonstrated that TEBG constructed by PSPC method exhibited better biological properties with higher daily D-glucose consumption, increased cell proliferation and differentiation, and better cell distribution, indicating the successful construction of TV-TEBG. After implanted into rabbit radius defects for 12 weeks, PSPC group exerted higher X-ray score close to autograft, much greater mechanical property evidenced by the biomechanical testing and significantly higher new bone formation as shown by histological analysis compared with the other two groups, and eventually obtained favorable healing efficacy of the segmental bone defect that was the closest to autograft transplantation.
This study demonstrated the feasibility of TV-TEBG construction with combination of perfusion seeding, perfusion culture and RP technique which exerted excellent biological properties. The application of TV-TEBG may become a preferred candidate for segmental bone defect repair in orthopedic and maxillofacial fields.</description><subject>Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Bioengineering</subject><subject>Biological properties</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena - drug effects</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Biomedical materials</subject><subject>Bioreactors</subject><subject>Bone diseases</subject><subject>Bone grafts</subject><subject>Bone growth</subject><subject>Bone healing</subject><subject>Bone marrow</subject><subject>Bone Regeneration - drug effects</subject><subject>Bone Transplantation</subject><subject>Bone-grafting</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Calcium phosphates</subject><subject>Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Cell adhesion & migration</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell growth</subject><subject>Cell proliferation</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>Compressive Strength - drug effects</subject><subject>Construction</subject><subject>Construction methods</subject><subject>Defects</subject><subject>Design</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Differentiation</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Feasibility studies</subject><subject>Fluorescence</subject><subject>Fluorescent Dyes - metabolism</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>Grafting</subject><subject>Healing</subject><subject>Hydroxyapatite</subject><subject>Implants, Experimental</subject><subject>In vitro methods and tests</subject><subject>Maxillofacial</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Orthopedics</subject><subject>Osteoblasts</subject><subject>Osteoblasts - cytology</subject><subject>Osteoblasts - drug effects</subject><subject>Osteoblasts - enzymology</subject><subject>Osteogenesis</subject><subject>Perfusion</subject><subject>Phosphates</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Rabbits</subject><subject>Radius</subject><subject>Radius - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Radius - drug effects</subject><subject>Radius - pathology</subject><subject>Radius - surgery</subject><subject>Rapid prototyping</subject><subject>Repair</subject><subject>Shear stress</subject><subject>Skin & tissue grafts</subject><subject>Staining and Labeling</subject><subject>Stem cells</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Tissue Culture Techniques</subject><subject>Tissue engineering</subject><subject>Tissue Engineering - methods</subject><subject>Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry</subject><subject>Transplantation</subject><subject>Tricalcium phosphate</subject><subject>Wound Healing - drug effects</subject><subject>X-Ray Microtomography</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11rFDEUhgdRbK3-A9GAIHqxaz5mJpObQil-FAqFWnobMsnJNGVmsiYZcf0D_m2zu9PSlV5IYBJOnvc9k5OconhN8JIwTj7d-imMql-u_AhLjEVJef2kOCSC0UVNMXv6YH1QvIjxFuOKNXX9vDigJacN5fyw-HMJK-UC8hZF6AYYk-pRmy2RAQs6oSm6sUNXPsf7Nbp2eXa_waDkYpwAwdi5ESDkyFbVBWUTatdIIe2HNu8ZtIJgs40fcwowGzs1GqSnPk0BUFzHBMPL4plVfYRX83xUXH35fHX6bXF-8fXs9OR8oWtB06JluqWiUoZDa1legBAUKt0opbC2TatrMEwYTAwFJUhNLLamaRnn1paaHRVvd7ar3kc5lzBKUpGKCsJrkomzHWG8upWr4AYV1tIrJ7cBHzqpQnK6B0loVbOWVXWpSclsLSpbQgP5gxmxDctex3O2qR3A6FzdoPo90_2d0d3Izv-UTDQloTwbfJgNgv8xQUxycFFD36sR_LT975pTgTnN6Lt_0MdPN1Odygdwo_U5r96YyhPGq6phpcCZWj5C5WFgcDpfs3U5vif4uCfITIJfqVNTjPLs--X_sxfX--z7B-wNqD7dRN9PKT-muA-WO1AHH2MAe19kguWmXe6qITftIud2ybI3Dy_oXnTXH-wvp7sSwg</recordid><startdate>20140401</startdate><enddate>20140401</enddate><creator>Wang, Lin</creator><creator>Ma, Xiang-Yu</creator><creator>Zhang, Yang</creator><creator>Feng, Ya-Fei</creator><creator>Li, Xiang</creator><creator>Hu, Yun-Yu</creator><creator>Wang, Zhen</creator><creator>Ma, Zhen-Sheng</creator><creator>Lei, Wei</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140401</creationdate><title>Repair of segmental bone defect using Totally Vitalized tissue engineered bone graft by a combined perfusion seeding and culture system</title><author>Wang, Lin ; Ma, Xiang-Yu ; Zhang, Yang ; Feng, Ya-Fei ; Li, Xiang ; Hu, Yun-Yu ; Wang, Zhen ; Ma, Zhen-Sheng ; Lei, Wei</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cb295ad7ebf395ae992e5c8aaa0cf8bc6ed39d01d2ea9161f0fd8b377ff4c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Bioengineering</topic><topic>Biological properties</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena - drug effects</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Biomedical materials</topic><topic>Bioreactors</topic><topic>Bone diseases</topic><topic>Bone grafts</topic><topic>Bone growth</topic><topic>Bone healing</topic><topic>Bone marrow</topic><topic>Bone Regeneration - drug effects</topic><topic>Bone Transplantation</topic><topic>Bone-grafting</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Calcium phosphates</topic><topic>Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Cell adhesion & migration</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Cell growth</topic><topic>Cell proliferation</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>Compressive Strength - drug effects</topic><topic>Construction</topic><topic>Construction methods</topic><topic>Defects</topic><topic>Design</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Differentiation</topic><topic>Engineering and Technology</topic><topic>Feasibility studies</topic><topic>Fluorescence</topic><topic>Fluorescent Dyes - metabolism</topic><topic>Glucose</topic><topic>Glucose - metabolism</topic><topic>Grafting</topic><topic>Healing</topic><topic>Hydroxyapatite</topic><topic>Implants, Experimental</topic><topic>In vitro methods and tests</topic><topic>Maxillofacial</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Methods</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Orthopedics</topic><topic>Osteoblasts</topic><topic>Osteoblasts - cytology</topic><topic>Osteoblasts - drug effects</topic><topic>Osteoblasts - enzymology</topic><topic>Osteogenesis</topic><topic>Perfusion</topic><topic>Phosphates</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Rabbits</topic><topic>Radius</topic><topic>Radius - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Radius - drug effects</topic><topic>Radius - pathology</topic><topic>Radius - surgery</topic><topic>Rapid prototyping</topic><topic>Repair</topic><topic>Shear stress</topic><topic>Skin & tissue grafts</topic><topic>Staining and Labeling</topic><topic>Stem cells</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><topic>Tissue Culture Techniques</topic><topic>Tissue engineering</topic><topic>Tissue Engineering - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Lin</au><au>Ma, Xiang-Yu</au><au>Zhang, Yang</au><au>Feng, Ya-Fei</au><au>Li, Xiang</au><au>Hu, Yun-Yu</au><au>Wang, Zhen</au><au>Ma, Zhen-Sheng</au><au>Lei, Wei</au><au>Awad, Hani A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Repair of segmental bone defect using Totally Vitalized tissue engineered bone graft by a combined perfusion seeding and culture system</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-04-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e94276</spage><pages>e94276-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The basic strategy to construct tissue engineered bone graft (TEBG) is to combine osteoblastic cells with three dimensional (3D) scaffold. Based on this strategy, we proposed the "Totally Vitalized TEBG" (TV-TEBG) which was characterized by abundant and homogenously distributed cells with enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation and further investigated its biological performance in repairing segmental bone defect.
In this study, we constructed the TV-TEBG with the combination of customized flow perfusion seeding/culture system and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold fabricated by Rapid Prototyping (RP) technique. We systemically compared three kinds of TEBG constructed by perfusion seeding and perfusion culture (PSPC) method, static seeding and perfusion culture (SSPC) method, and static seeding and static culture (SSSC) method for their in vitro performance and bone defect healing efficacy with a rabbit model.
Our study has demonstrated that TEBG constructed by PSPC method exhibited better biological properties with higher daily D-glucose consumption, increased cell proliferation and differentiation, and better cell distribution, indicating the successful construction of TV-TEBG. After implanted into rabbit radius defects for 12 weeks, PSPC group exerted higher X-ray score close to autograft, much greater mechanical property evidenced by the biomechanical testing and significantly higher new bone formation as shown by histological analysis compared with the other two groups, and eventually obtained favorable healing efficacy of the segmental bone defect that was the closest to autograft transplantation.
This study demonstrated the feasibility of TV-TEBG construction with combination of perfusion seeding, perfusion culture and RP technique which exerted excellent biological properties. The application of TV-TEBG may become a preferred candidate for segmental bone defect repair in orthopedic and maxillofacial fields.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24728277</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0094276</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2014-04, Vol.9 (4), p.e94276 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1515291761 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism Animals Biocompatibility Bioengineering Biological properties Biology and Life Sciences Biomechanical Phenomena - drug effects Biomechanics Biomedical materials Bioreactors Bone diseases Bone grafts Bone growth Bone healing Bone marrow Bone Regeneration - drug effects Bone Transplantation Bone-grafting Bones Calcium phosphates Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology Care and treatment Cell adhesion & migration Cell culture Cell growth Cell proliferation Cell Survival - drug effects Compressive Strength - drug effects Construction Construction methods Defects Design Diagnosis Differentiation Engineering and Technology Feasibility studies Fluorescence Fluorescent Dyes - metabolism Glucose Glucose - metabolism Grafting Healing Hydroxyapatite Implants, Experimental In vitro methods and tests Maxillofacial Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Morphology Orthopedics Osteoblasts Osteoblasts - cytology Osteoblasts - drug effects Osteoblasts - enzymology Osteogenesis Perfusion Phosphates Physiological aspects Rabbits Radius Radius - diagnostic imaging Radius - drug effects Radius - pathology Radius - surgery Rapid prototyping Repair Shear stress Skin & tissue grafts Staining and Labeling Stem cells Studies Time Factors Tissue Culture Techniques Tissue engineering Tissue Engineering - methods Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry Transplantation Tricalcium phosphate Wound Healing - drug effects X-Ray Microtomography |
| title | Repair of segmental bone defect using Totally Vitalized tissue engineered bone graft by a combined perfusion seeding and culture system |
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