Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of developing xylem responding to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli in Betula platyphylla
Betula platyphylla Suk (birch) is a fast-growing woody species that is important in pulp industries and the biofuels. However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificia...
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| description | Betula platyphylla Suk (birch) is a fast-growing woody species that is important in pulp industries and the biofuels. However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli. After trunks of birch trees were subjected to bending for 8 weeks, the cellulose content was significantly greater in tension wood (TW) than in opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW), whereas the lignin content in TW was significantly lower than that in OW and NW. In addition, TW grew more rapidly than OW and generated TW-specific fibers with an additional G-layer. Three transcriptome libraries were constructed from TW, OW and NW of B. platyphylla, respectively, after the plants were subjected to artificial bending. Overall, 80,909 nonredundant unigenes with a mean size of 768 nt were assembled. Expression profiles were generated, and 9,684 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed among the TW, OW and NW libraries. These included genes involved in secondary cell wall structure, wood composition, and cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Our study showed that during TW formation, genes involved in cellulose synthesis were induced, while the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes decreased, resulting in increased cellulose content and decreased lignin levels in TW. In addition, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins play important role in TW formation. These findings may provide important insights into wood formation at the molecular level. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0087566 |
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However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli. After trunks of birch trees were subjected to bending for 8 weeks, the cellulose content was significantly greater in tension wood (TW) than in opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW), whereas the lignin content in TW was significantly lower than that in OW and NW. In addition, TW grew more rapidly than OW and generated TW-specific fibers with an additional G-layer. Three transcriptome libraries were constructed from TW, OW and NW of B. platyphylla, respectively, after the plants were subjected to artificial bending. Overall, 80,909 nonredundant unigenes with a mean size of 768 nt were assembled. Expression profiles were generated, and 9,684 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed among the TW, OW and NW libraries. These included genes involved in secondary cell wall structure, wood composition, and cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Our study showed that during TW formation, genes involved in cellulose synthesis were induced, while the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes decreased, resulting in increased cellulose content and decreased lignin levels in TW. In addition, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins play important role in TW formation. These findings may provide important insights into wood formation at the molecular level.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087566</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24586282</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Agriculture ; Analysis ; Arabidopsis ; Arabinogalactan ; Base Sequence ; Betula - genetics ; Betula - growth & development ; Betula - metabolism ; Betula platyphylla ; Biodiesel fuels ; Biofuels ; Biology ; Biomass energy ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biosynthesis ; Birch trees ; Cell walls ; Cellulose ; Cellulose - metabolism ; China ; Fibers ; Gene expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Library ; Genes ; Genetics ; Gravitation ; Gravity ; Laboratories ; Lignin ; Lignin - metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant biology ; Plant sciences ; Plants (botany) ; Populus tremula ; Proteins ; Pulp ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Stimuli ; Stress, Mechanical ; Studies ; Transcription factors ; Transcriptome - genetics ; Trees ; Trends ; Wood ; Xylem ; Xylem - metabolism ; Xylem - physiology</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2014-02, Vol.9 (2), p.e87566-e87566</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2014 Wang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2014 Wang et al 2014 Wang et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-107f26aad1f03786a7e4920a090984b59a6dc521106dc9df58eb981fc3e853f83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-107f26aad1f03786a7e4920a090984b59a6dc521106dc9df58eb981fc3e853f83</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930542/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930542/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24586282$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Schönbach, Christian</contributor><creatorcontrib>Wang, Chao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Nan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Caiqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cui, Zhiyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sun, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Chuanping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yucheng</creatorcontrib><title>Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of developing xylem responding to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli in Betula platyphylla</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Betula platyphylla Suk (birch) is a fast-growing woody species that is important in pulp industries and the biofuels. However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli. After trunks of birch trees were subjected to bending for 8 weeks, the cellulose content was significantly greater in tension wood (TW) than in opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW), whereas the lignin content in TW was significantly lower than that in OW and NW. In addition, TW grew more rapidly than OW and generated TW-specific fibers with an additional G-layer. Three transcriptome libraries were constructed from TW, OW and NW of B. platyphylla, respectively, after the plants were subjected to artificial bending. Overall, 80,909 nonredundant unigenes with a mean size of 768 nt were assembled. Expression profiles were generated, and 9,684 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed among the TW, OW and NW libraries. These included genes involved in secondary cell wall structure, wood composition, and cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Our study showed that during TW formation, genes involved in cellulose synthesis were induced, while the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes decreased, resulting in increased cellulose content and decreased lignin levels in TW. In addition, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins play important role in TW formation. These findings may provide important insights into wood formation at the molecular level.</description><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Arabidopsis</subject><subject>Arabinogalactan</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Betula - genetics</subject><subject>Betula - growth & development</subject><subject>Betula - metabolism</subject><subject>Betula platyphylla</subject><subject>Biodiesel fuels</subject><subject>Biofuels</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biomass energy</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Birch trees</subject><subject>Cell walls</subject><subject>Cellulose</subject><subject>Cellulose - metabolism</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Fibers</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Gene Expression Profiling</subject><subject>Gene Library</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Gravitation</subject><subject>Gravity</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Lignin</subject><subject>Lignin - metabolism</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Plant biology</subject><subject>Plant sciences</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Populus tremula</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Pulp</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, RNA</subject><subject>Stimuli</subject><subject>Stress, Mechanical</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Transcription factors</subject><subject>Transcriptome - genetics</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Wood</subject><subject>Xylem</subject><subject>Xylem - metabolism</subject><subject>Xylem - physiology</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk9tq3DAQhk1padK0b1BaQaG0F7vVwZblm0K69LAQCPR0K2R7tKsgW44kL9lH6FtXzm7CbslF8YXM6Jt_NL80WfaS4DlhJflw5UbfKzsfXA9zjEVZcP4oOyUVozNOMXt88H-SPQvhCuOCCc6fZic0LwSngp5mfxauGzysoQ9mAyh61YfGmyG6DpBK-ttgAnIatbAB6wbTr9DN1kKHPIRUup0C0SHlo9GmMcqiGnZR1bdo5dXGRBWNS1IoRNON1iDTo08QR6vQYFXcDuuttep59kQrG-DFfj3Lfn35_HPxbXZx-XW5OL-YNbyicUZwqSlXqiUas1JwVUJeUaxwhSuR10WleNsUlBCc1qrVhYC6EkQ3DETBtGBn2eud7mBdkHsXgyQFxmVBackSsdwRrVNXcvCmU34rnTLyNuD8Sk7tNhYkbYEwqqkgZZXXitUCWs2LllPNa57zpPVxX22sO2gb6JPF9kj0eKc3a7lyG8kqhoucJoF3ewHvrkcIUXYmNJAM68GNt-fOScEZxwl98w_6cHd7aqVSA6bXLtVtJlF5npeirAQmU9n5A1T6WuhMk56cNil-lPD-KCExEW7iSo0hyOWP7__PXv4-Zt8esGtQNq6Ds-P0pMIxmO_AxrsQPOh7kwmW08TcuSGniZH7iUlprw4v6D7pbkTYX1LEE_s</recordid><startdate>20140220</startdate><enddate>20140220</enddate><creator>Wang, Chao</creator><creator>Zhang, Nan</creator><creator>Gao, Caiqiu</creator><creator>Cui, Zhiyuan</creator><creator>Sun, Dan</creator><creator>Yang, Chuanping</creator><creator>Wang, Yucheng</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140220</creationdate><title>Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of developing xylem responding to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli in Betula platyphylla</title><author>Wang, Chao ; Zhang, Nan ; Gao, Caiqiu ; Cui, Zhiyuan ; Sun, Dan ; Yang, Chuanping ; Wang, Yucheng</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-107f26aad1f03786a7e4920a090984b59a6dc521106dc9df58eb981fc3e853f83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Arabidopsis</topic><topic>Arabinogalactan</topic><topic>Base Sequence</topic><topic>Betula - genetics</topic><topic>Betula - growth & development</topic><topic>Betula - metabolism</topic><topic>Betula platyphylla</topic><topic>Biodiesel fuels</topic><topic>Biofuels</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biomass energy</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Birch trees</topic><topic>Cell walls</topic><topic>Cellulose</topic><topic>Cellulose - metabolism</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Fibers</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Gene Expression Profiling</topic><topic>Gene Library</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Gravitation</topic><topic>Gravity</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Lignin</topic><topic>Lignin - metabolism</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Plant biology</topic><topic>Plant sciences</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Populus tremula</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Pulp</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, RNA</topic><topic>Stimuli</topic><topic>Stress, Mechanical</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Transcription factors</topic><topic>Transcriptome - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wang, Chao</au><au>Zhang, Nan</au><au>Gao, Caiqiu</au><au>Cui, Zhiyuan</au><au>Sun, Dan</au><au>Yang, Chuanping</au><au>Wang, Yucheng</au><au>Schönbach, Christian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of developing xylem responding to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli in Betula platyphylla</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-02-20</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e87566</spage><epage>e87566</epage><pages>e87566-e87566</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Betula platyphylla Suk (birch) is a fast-growing woody species that is important in pulp industries and the biofuels. However, as an important pulp species, few studies had been performed on its wood formation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular responses of birch xylem to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli. After trunks of birch trees were subjected to bending for 8 weeks, the cellulose content was significantly greater in tension wood (TW) than in opposite wood (OW) or normal wood (NW), whereas the lignin content in TW was significantly lower than that in OW and NW. In addition, TW grew more rapidly than OW and generated TW-specific fibers with an additional G-layer. Three transcriptome libraries were constructed from TW, OW and NW of B. platyphylla, respectively, after the plants were subjected to artificial bending. Overall, 80,909 nonredundant unigenes with a mean size of 768 nt were assembled. Expression profiles were generated, and 9,684 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed among the TW, OW and NW libraries. These included genes involved in secondary cell wall structure, wood composition, and cellulose or lignin biosynthesis. Our study showed that during TW formation, genes involved in cellulose synthesis were induced, while the expression of lignin synthesis-related genes decreased, resulting in increased cellulose content and decreased lignin levels in TW. In addition, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins play important role in TW formation. These findings may provide important insights into wood formation at the molecular level.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24586282</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0087566</doi><tpages>e87566</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Agriculture Analysis Arabidopsis Arabinogalactan Base Sequence Betula - genetics Betula - growth & development Betula - metabolism Betula platyphylla Biodiesel fuels Biofuels Biology Biomass energy Biomechanical Phenomena Biosynthesis Birch trees Cell walls Cellulose Cellulose - metabolism China Fibers Gene expression Gene Expression Profiling Gene Library Genes Genetics Gravitation Gravity Laboratories Lignin Lignin - metabolism Molecular Sequence Data Plant biology Plant sciences Plants (botany) Populus tremula Proteins Pulp Sequence Analysis, RNA Stimuli Stress, Mechanical Studies Transcription factors Transcriptome - genetics Trees Trends Wood Xylem Xylem - metabolism Xylem - physiology |
| title | Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of developing xylem responding to artificial bending and gravitational stimuli in Betula platyphylla |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-27T09%3A31%3A22IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comprehensive%20transcriptome%20analysis%20of%20developing%20xylem%20responding%20to%20artificial%20bending%20and%20gravitational%20stimuli%20in%20Betula%20platyphylla&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Wang,%20Chao&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e87566&rft.epage=e87566&rft.pages=e87566-e87566&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087566&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478798012%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1500752273&rft_id=info:pmid/24586282&rft_galeid=A478798012&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_2de132f281794ba3b8edf65d62f6b646&rfr_iscdi=true |