Functional and evolutionary characterization of the CONSTANS gene family in short-day photoperiodic flowering in soybean

CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in photoperiodic flowering control of plants. However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybea...

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Veröffentlicht in:PloS one 2014-01, Vol.9 (1), p.e85754-e85754
Hauptverfasser: Wu, Faqiang, Price, Brian William, Haider, Waseem, Seufferheld, Gabriela, Nelson, Randall, Hanzawa, Yoshie
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Price, Brian William
Haider, Waseem
Seufferheld, Gabriela
Nelson, Randall
Hanzawa, Yoshie
description CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in photoperiodic flowering control of plants. However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybean genome, many of them previously unreported. Phylogenic analysis classified GmCOLs into three clades conserved among flowering plants. Two homeologous pairs in Clade I, GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b, showed the highest sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CO. The mRNA abundance of GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b exhibited a strong diurnal rhythm under flowering-inductive short days and peaked at dawn, which coincided with the rise of GmFT5a expression. In contrast, the mRNA abundance of GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b was extremely low. Our transgenic study demonstrated that GmCOL1a, GmCOL1b, GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b fully complemented the late flowering effect of the co-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. Together, these results indicate that GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b are potential inducers of flowering in soybean. Our data also indicate rapid regulatory divergence between GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b but conservation of their protein function. Dynamic evolution of GmCOL regulatory mechanisms may underlie the evolution of photoperiodic signaling in soybean.
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However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybean genome, many of them previously unreported. Phylogenic analysis classified GmCOLs into three clades conserved among flowering plants. Two homeologous pairs in Clade I, GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b, showed the highest sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CO. The mRNA abundance of GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b exhibited a strong diurnal rhythm under flowering-inductive short days and peaked at dawn, which coincided with the rise of GmFT5a expression. In contrast, the mRNA abundance of GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b was extremely low. Our transgenic study demonstrated that GmCOL1a, GmCOL1b, GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b fully complemented the late flowering effect of the co-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. Together, these results indicate that GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b are potential inducers of flowering in soybean. Our data also indicate rapid regulatory divergence between GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b but conservation of their protein function. 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This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. 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However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybean genome, many of them previously unreported. Phylogenic analysis classified GmCOLs into three clades conserved among flowering plants. Two homeologous pairs in Clade I, GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b, showed the highest sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CO. The mRNA abundance of GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b exhibited a strong diurnal rhythm under flowering-inductive short days and peaked at dawn, which coincided with the rise of GmFT5a expression. In contrast, the mRNA abundance of GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b was extremely low. Our transgenic study demonstrated that GmCOL1a, GmCOL1b, GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b fully complemented the late flowering effect of the co-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. 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Dynamic evolution of GmCOL regulatory mechanisms may underlie the evolution of photoperiodic signaling in soybean.</description><subject>Abundance</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>Arabidopsis - genetics</subject><subject>Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Arabidopsis thaliana</subject><subject>Barley</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Circadian rhythm</subject><subject>Circadian Rhythm - genetics</subject><subject>Cluster Analysis</subject><subject>CO gene</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conserved Sequence - genetics</subject><subject>CONSTANS (CO) gene</subject><subject>CONSTANS gene</subject><subject>Crop science</subject><subject>Diurnal</subject><subject>Divergence</subject><subject>DNA-Binding Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Evolution, Molecular</subject><subject>Evolutionary biology</subject><subject>Flowering</subject><subject>Flowering plants</subject><subject>Flowers - 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genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, RNA</subject><subject>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</subject><subject>Signaling</subject><subject>Soybeans</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><subject>Transcription Factors - genetics</subject><subject>Transgenic</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11v0zAUhiMEYmPwDxBEQkJw0RJ_xr5BqioGlaZVooNby_VH4yq1S5yMlV-P22ZTg3aBfBH75Hlf-xz7ZNlrUIwBKsGndegaL-vxNngzLgpGSoKfZOeAIziisEBPT-Zn2YsY10VBEKP0eXYGMaaEMnye3V12XrUuJKdcep2b21B3h3Wzy1UlG6la07g_ch_Lg83byuTT-fXiZnK9yFfGm9zKjat3ufN5rELTjrTc5dsqtGGbhEE7lds6_E5zvzpAYbc00r_MnllZR_Oq_15kPy6_3Ey_ja7mX2fTydVI0RLhkS6ZkVBSRpECgAJoSqyWSkO0LBjUQGsDOS0o4BQRQCFEuKQWY0mAhUBpdJG9Pfpu6xBFX7QoAOYF57DkKBGzI6GDXItt4zYpdxGkE4dAaFZCNq1TtRElAaVmQBOytJiDgpUQcmNVkU7CIbXJ63O_W7fcGK2MbxtZD0yHf7yrxCrcCsR4iRlLBh96gyb86kxsxcZFZepaehO6w7khZRwTnNB3_6CPZ9dTK5kScN6GtK_am4oJLhkjBLO91_gRKg1tNk6lF2Zdig8EHweCxLTmrl3JLkYxW3z_f3b-c8i-P2ErI-u2iv2TjEMQH0HVhBgbYx-KDAqxb5D7aoh9g4i-QZLszekFPYjuOwL9BX_mCxo</recordid><startdate>20140121</startdate><enddate>20140121</enddate><creator>Wu, Faqiang</creator><creator>Price, Brian William</creator><creator>Haider, Waseem</creator><creator>Seufferheld, Gabriela</creator><creator>Nelson, Randall</creator><creator>Hanzawa, Yoshie</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140121</creationdate><title>Functional and evolutionary characterization of the CONSTANS gene family in short-day photoperiodic flowering in soybean</title><author>Wu, Faqiang ; Price, Brian William ; Haider, Waseem ; Seufferheld, Gabriela ; Nelson, Randall ; Hanzawa, Yoshie</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c6734-d78ea2a6863c11612e74cbcd23b082d1dde296061963516223476f44a51f21cd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Abundance</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>Arabidopsis - genetics</topic><topic>Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Arabidopsis thaliana</topic><topic>Barley</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Circadian rhythm</topic><topic>Circadian Rhythm - genetics</topic><topic>Cluster Analysis</topic><topic>CO gene</topic><topic>Conservation</topic><topic>Conserved Sequence - genetics</topic><topic>CONSTANS (CO) gene</topic><topic>CONSTANS gene</topic><topic>Crop science</topic><topic>Diurnal</topic><topic>Divergence</topic><topic>DNA-Binding Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>Evolution, Molecular</topic><topic>Evolutionary biology</topic><topic>Flowering</topic><topic>Flowering plants</topic><topic>Flowers - genetics</topic><topic>Flowers - physiology</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Genetic engineering</topic><topic>Genetic Loci - genetics</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Glycine max</topic><topic>Glycine max - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Wu, Faqiang</au><au>Price, Brian William</au><au>Haider, Waseem</au><au>Seufferheld, Gabriela</au><au>Nelson, Randall</au><au>Hanzawa, Yoshie</au><au>Somers, David E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Functional and evolutionary characterization of the CONSTANS gene family in short-day photoperiodic flowering in soybean</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2014-01-21</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e85754</spage><epage>e85754</epage><pages>e85754-e85754</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in photoperiodic flowering control of plants. However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybean genome, many of them previously unreported. Phylogenic analysis classified GmCOLs into three clades conserved among flowering plants. Two homeologous pairs in Clade I, GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b, showed the highest sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CO. The mRNA abundance of GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b exhibited a strong diurnal rhythm under flowering-inductive short days and peaked at dawn, which coincided with the rise of GmFT5a expression. In contrast, the mRNA abundance of GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b was extremely low. Our transgenic study demonstrated that GmCOL1a, GmCOL1b, GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b fully complemented the late flowering effect of the co-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. Together, these results indicate that GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b are potential inducers of flowering in soybean. Our data also indicate rapid regulatory divergence between GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b but conservation of their protein function. Dynamic evolution of GmCOL regulatory mechanisms may underlie the evolution of photoperiodic signaling in soybean.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24465684</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0085754</doi><tpages>e85754</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Abundance
Agriculture
Alleles
Arabidopsis - genetics
Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics
Arabidopsis thaliana
Barley
Biology
Circadian rhythm
Circadian Rhythm - genetics
Cluster Analysis
CO gene
Conservation
Conserved Sequence - genetics
CONSTANS (CO) gene
CONSTANS gene
Crop science
Diurnal
Divergence
DNA-Binding Proteins - genetics
Evolution
Evolution, Molecular
Evolutionary biology
Flowering
Flowering plants
Flowers - genetics
Flowers - physiology
Gene expression
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Genes
Genetic aspects
Genetic engineering
Genetic Loci - genetics
Genomes
Genomics
Genotype
Glycine max
Glycine max - genetics
Glycine max - physiology
Homology
Inbreeding
Inducers
Molecular modelling
mRNA
Multigene Family
Mutation - genetics
Phenotype
Photoperiod
Phylogeny
Physiology
Plant Proteins - genetics
Plant Proteins - metabolism
Proteins
Regulatory mechanisms (biology)
Rice
RNA
RNA, Messenger - genetics
RNA, Messenger - metabolism
Sequence Analysis, RNA
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Signaling
Soybeans
Time Factors
Transcription Factors - genetics
Transgenic
title Functional and evolutionary characterization of the CONSTANS gene family in short-day photoperiodic flowering in soybean
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