Mortality among methadone maintenance clients in China: a six-year cohort study
To assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors. A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approx...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2013-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e82476 |
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| creator | Cao, Xiaobin Wu, Zunyou Li, Li Pang, Lin Rou, Keming Wang, Changhe Luo, Wei Yin, Wenyuan Li, Jianhua McGoogan, Jennifer M |
| description | To assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors.
A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.
A total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0082476 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_1467678161</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A478310748</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_e25c0b849e304334b4ac57b579448657</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A478310748</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ccee3f4aced469b772e3e8e5c7927bf25704fd7109cbf7dfa9f1a2369c6c08653</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkl2L1DAUhoso7rr6D0QLguDFjPlq0nohLIMfAysDft2GND2dZmiT2SSVnX9v1ukuU1CQXCQkz3nP4c2bZc8xWmIq8NudG71V_XLvLCwRKgkT_EF2jitKFpwg-vDkfJY9CWGHUEFLzh9nZ4RRVpGKnWebL85H1Zt4yNXg7DYfIHaqSZr5oIyNYJXVkOvegI0hNzZfdcaqd7nKg7lZHED5XLsuieQhjs3hafaoVX2AZ9N-kf34-OH76vPiavNpvbq8WmhekbjQGoC2TGloGK9qIQhQKKHQoiKibkkhEGsbgVGl61Y0raparAjlleYalbygF9nLo-6-d0FOXgSJGRdclJjjRKyPROPUTu69GZQ_SKeM_HPh_FYqH43uQQIpNKpLVgFFjFJWp8EKUReiYiw1E0nr_dRtrAdodPLCq34mOn-xppNb90smvzFDNAm8mgS8ux4hxH-MPFFblaYytnVJTA8maHnJREkxEqxM1PIvVFoNDEann2tNup8VvJkVJCbCTdyqMQS5_vb1_9nNzzn7-oTtQPWxC64fo3E2zEF2BLV3IXho753DSN6G-c4NeRtmOYU5lb04df2-6C699DdU0u8F</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1467678161</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Mortality among methadone maintenance clients in China: a six-year cohort study</title><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Cao, Xiaobin ; Wu, Zunyou ; Li, Li ; Pang, Lin ; Rou, Keming ; Wang, Changhe ; Luo, Wei ; Yin, Wenyuan ; Li, Jianhua ; McGoogan, Jennifer M</creator><creatorcontrib>Cao, Xiaobin ; Wu, Zunyou ; Li, Li ; Pang, Lin ; Rou, Keming ; Wang, Changhe ; Luo, Wei ; Yin, Wenyuan ; Li, Jianhua ; McGoogan, Jennifer M ; National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group ; for the National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group</creatorcontrib><description><![CDATA[To assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors.
A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.
A total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p<0.0001), HIV-positive subjects was nearly four times mortality rate than that of HIV-negative individuals (28.1 vs.6.8, p<0.0001). ART-naive HIV-positive subjects had approximately two times higher mortality rate than those receiving ART (31.2 vs. 17.3, <0.0001). After adjusting for confounding variables, we found that being male (HR = 1.63, CI: 1.03-2.57, p = 0.0355) and being HIV-positive (HR = 5.16, CI: 3.70-7.10, p<0.0001) were both associated with higher risk of death whereas increased durations of methadone treatment were associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.26, CI: 0.18-0.38, p<0.0001 for two to three years, HR = 0.08, CI: 0.05-0.14, p<0.0001 for four or more years).
Overall mortality was high among MMT clients in China. Specific interventions aimed at decreasing mortality among MMT clients are needed. Our study supports the need for keeping client at MMT longer and for expanding ART coverage and suggests the potential benefits of integrated MMT and ART services for drug users in China.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082476</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24349294</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; Adolescent ; Adult ; AIDS ; Analysis ; Antiretroviral drugs ; Antiretroviral therapy ; Cause of Death ; Central nervous system depressants ; China - epidemiology ; Clients ; Cohort analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Death ; Drug abuse ; Drug use ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hazards ; Health aspects ; HIV ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Male ; Medical screening ; Methadone ; Mortality ; National Health Programs ; Opiate Substitution Treatment ; Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Opioid-Related Disorders - mortality ; Opioid-Related Disorders - rehabilitation ; Overdose ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e82476</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Cao et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Cao et al 2013 Cao et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ccee3f4aced469b772e3e8e5c7927bf25704fd7109cbf7dfa9f1a2369c6c08653</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ccee3f4aced469b772e3e8e5c7927bf25704fd7109cbf7dfa9f1a2369c6c08653</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861403/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861403/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24349294$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cao, Xiaobin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Zunyou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pang, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rou, Keming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Changhe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Wenyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jianhua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGoogan, Jennifer M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>for the National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group</creatorcontrib><title>Mortality among methadone maintenance clients in China: a six-year cohort study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description><![CDATA[To assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors.
A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.
A total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p<0.0001), HIV-positive subjects was nearly four times mortality rate than that of HIV-negative individuals (28.1 vs.6.8, p<0.0001). ART-naive HIV-positive subjects had approximately two times higher mortality rate than those receiving ART (31.2 vs. 17.3, <0.0001). After adjusting for confounding variables, we found that being male (HR = 1.63, CI: 1.03-2.57, p = 0.0355) and being HIV-positive (HR = 5.16, CI: 3.70-7.10, p<0.0001) were both associated with higher risk of death whereas increased durations of methadone treatment were associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.26, CI: 0.18-0.38, p<0.0001 for two to three years, HR = 0.08, CI: 0.05-0.14, p<0.0001 for four or more years).
Overall mortality was high among MMT clients in China. Specific interventions aimed at decreasing mortality among MMT clients are needed. Our study supports the need for keeping client at MMT longer and for expanding ART coverage and suggests the potential benefits of integrated MMT and ART services for drug users in China.]]></description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antiretroviral drugs</subject><subject>Antiretroviral therapy</subject><subject>Cause of Death</subject><subject>Central nervous system depressants</subject><subject>China - epidemiology</subject><subject>Clients</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Death</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug use</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Follow-Up Studies</subject><subject>Hazards</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical screening</subject><subject>Methadone</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>National Health Programs</subject><subject>Opiate Substitution Treatment</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - mortality</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - rehabilitation</subject><subject>Overdose</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Regression models</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl2L1DAUhoso7rr6D0QLguDFjPlq0nohLIMfAysDft2GND2dZmiT2SSVnX9v1ukuU1CQXCQkz3nP4c2bZc8xWmIq8NudG71V_XLvLCwRKgkT_EF2jitKFpwg-vDkfJY9CWGHUEFLzh9nZ4RRVpGKnWebL85H1Zt4yNXg7DYfIHaqSZr5oIyNYJXVkOvegI0hNzZfdcaqd7nKg7lZHED5XLsuieQhjs3hafaoVX2AZ9N-kf34-OH76vPiavNpvbq8WmhekbjQGoC2TGloGK9qIQhQKKHQoiKibkkhEGsbgVGl61Y0raparAjlleYalbygF9nLo-6-d0FOXgSJGRdclJjjRKyPROPUTu69GZQ_SKeM_HPh_FYqH43uQQIpNKpLVgFFjFJWp8EKUReiYiw1E0nr_dRtrAdodPLCq34mOn-xppNb90smvzFDNAm8mgS8ux4hxH-MPFFblaYytnVJTA8maHnJREkxEqxM1PIvVFoNDEann2tNup8VvJkVJCbCTdyqMQS5_vb1_9nNzzn7-oTtQPWxC64fo3E2zEF2BLV3IXho753DSN6G-c4NeRtmOYU5lb04df2-6C699DdU0u8F</recordid><startdate>20131212</startdate><enddate>20131212</enddate><creator>Cao, Xiaobin</creator><creator>Wu, Zunyou</creator><creator>Li, Li</creator><creator>Pang, Lin</creator><creator>Rou, Keming</creator><creator>Wang, Changhe</creator><creator>Luo, Wei</creator><creator>Yin, Wenyuan</creator><creator>Li, Jianhua</creator><creator>McGoogan, Jennifer M</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131212</creationdate><title>Mortality among methadone maintenance clients in China: a six-year cohort study</title><author>Cao, Xiaobin ; Wu, Zunyou ; Li, Li ; Pang, Lin ; Rou, Keming ; Wang, Changhe ; Luo, Wei ; Yin, Wenyuan ; Li, Jianhua ; McGoogan, Jennifer M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-ccee3f4aced469b772e3e8e5c7927bf25704fd7109cbf7dfa9f1a2369c6c08653</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>AIDS</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Antiretroviral drugs</topic><topic>Antiretroviral therapy</topic><topic>Cause of Death</topic><topic>Central nervous system depressants</topic><topic>China - epidemiology</topic><topic>Clients</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Death</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug use</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Follow-Up Studies</topic><topic>Hazards</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical screening</topic><topic>Methadone</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>National Health Programs</topic><topic>Opiate Substitution Treatment</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - mortality</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - rehabilitation</topic><topic>Overdose</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Regression models</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cao, Xiaobin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Zunyou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pang, Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rou, Keming</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Changhe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Luo, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Wenyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Jianhua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGoogan, Jennifer M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>for the National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program Working Group</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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A total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.
A total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p<0.0001), HIV-positive subjects was nearly four times mortality rate than that of HIV-negative individuals (28.1 vs.6.8, p<0.0001). ART-naive HIV-positive subjects had approximately two times higher mortality rate than those receiving ART (31.2 vs. 17.3, <0.0001). After adjusting for confounding variables, we found that being male (HR = 1.63, CI: 1.03-2.57, p = 0.0355) and being HIV-positive (HR = 5.16, CI: 3.70-7.10, p<0.0001) were both associated with higher risk of death whereas increased durations of methadone treatment were associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.26, CI: 0.18-0.38, p<0.0001 for two to three years, HR = 0.08, CI: 0.05-0.14, p<0.0001 for four or more years).
Overall mortality was high among MMT clients in China. Specific interventions aimed at decreasing mortality among MMT clients are needed. Our study supports the need for keeping client at MMT longer and for expanding ART coverage and suggests the potential benefits of integrated MMT and ART services for drug users in China.]]></abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24349294</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0082476</doi><tpages>e82476</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2013-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e82476 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1467678161 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Adolescent Adult AIDS Analysis Antiretroviral drugs Antiretroviral therapy Cause of Death Central nervous system depressants China - epidemiology Clients Cohort analysis Cohort Studies Death Drug abuse Drug use Female Follow-Up Studies Hazards Health aspects HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Male Medical screening Methadone Mortality National Health Programs Opiate Substitution Treatment Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology Opioid-Related Disorders - mortality Opioid-Related Disorders - rehabilitation Overdose Regression analysis Regression models Risk Factors Sex Factors Young Adult |
| title | Mortality among methadone maintenance clients in China: a six-year cohort study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-08T19%3A25%3A54IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mortality%20among%20methadone%20maintenance%20clients%20in%20China:%20a%20six-year%20cohort%20study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Cao,%20Xiaobin&rft.aucorp=National%20Methadone%20Maintenance%20Treatment%20Program%20Working%20Group&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e82476&rft.pages=e82476-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082476&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478310748%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1467678161&rft_id=info:pmid/24349294&rft_galeid=A478310748&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_e25c0b849e304334b4ac57b579448657&rfr_iscdi=true |