Conjugation of benzylvanillin and benzimidazole structure improves DNA binding with enhanced antileukemic properties
Benzyl-o-vanillin and benzimidazole nucleus serve as important pharmacophore in drug discovery. The benzyl vanillin (2-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) compound shows anti-proliferative activity in HL60 leukemia cancer cells and can effect cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Its apoptosis activi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2013-11, Vol.8 (11), p.e80983 |
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| creator | Al-Mudaris, Zena A Majid, Aman S A Ji, Dan Al-Mudarris, Ban A Chen, Shih-Hsun Liang, Po-Huang Osman, Hasnah Jamal Din, Shah Kamal Khan Abdul Majid, Amin M S |
| description | Benzyl-o-vanillin and benzimidazole nucleus serve as important pharmacophore in drug discovery. The benzyl vanillin (2-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) compound shows anti-proliferative activity in HL60 leukemia cancer cells and can effect cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Its apoptosis activity was due to disruption of mitochondrial functioning. In this study, we have studied a series of compounds consisting of benzyl vanillin and benzimidazole structures. We hypothesize that by fusing these two structures we can produce compounds that have better anticancer activity with improved specificity particularly towards the leukemia cell line. Here we explored the anticancer activity of three compounds namely 2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2MP, N-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2XP, and (R) and (S)-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl benzenesulfonate, 3BS and compared their activity to 2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, (Bn1), the parent compound. 2XP and 3BS induces cell death of U937 leukemic cell line through DNA fragmentation that lead to the intrinsic caspase 9 activation. DNA binding study primarily by the equilibrium binding titration assay followed by the Viscosity study reveal the DNA binding through groove region with intrinsic binding constant 7.39 µM/bp and 6.86 µM/bp for 3BS and 2XP respectively. 2XP and 3BS showed strong DNA binding activity by the UV titration method with the computational drug modeling showed that both 2XP and 3BS failed to form any electrostatic linkages except via hydrophobic interaction through the minor groove region of the nucleic acid. The benzylvanillin alone (Bn1) has weak anticancer activity even after it was combined with the benzimidazole (2MP), but after addition of another benzylvanillin structure (2XP), stronger activity was observed. Also, the combination of benzylvanillin with benzenesulfonate (3BS) significantly improved the anticancer activity of Bn1. The present study provides a new insight of benzyl vanillin derivatives as potential anti-leukemic agent. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0080983 |
| format | Article |
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The benzyl vanillin (2-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) compound shows anti-proliferative activity in HL60 leukemia cancer cells and can effect cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Its apoptosis activity was due to disruption of mitochondrial functioning. In this study, we have studied a series of compounds consisting of benzyl vanillin and benzimidazole structures. We hypothesize that by fusing these two structures we can produce compounds that have better anticancer activity with improved specificity particularly towards the leukemia cell line. Here we explored the anticancer activity of three compounds namely 2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2MP, N-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2XP, and (R) and (S)-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl benzenesulfonate, 3BS and compared their activity to 2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, (Bn1), the parent compound. 2XP and 3BS induces cell death of U937 leukemic cell line through DNA fragmentation that lead to the intrinsic caspase 9 activation. DNA binding study primarily by the equilibrium binding titration assay followed by the Viscosity study reveal the DNA binding through groove region with intrinsic binding constant 7.39 µM/bp and 6.86 µM/bp for 3BS and 2XP respectively. 2XP and 3BS showed strong DNA binding activity by the UV titration method with the computational drug modeling showed that both 2XP and 3BS failed to form any electrostatic linkages except via hydrophobic interaction through the minor groove region of the nucleic acid. The benzylvanillin alone (Bn1) has weak anticancer activity even after it was combined with the benzimidazole (2MP), but after addition of another benzylvanillin structure (2XP), stronger activity was observed. Also, the combination of benzylvanillin with benzenesulfonate (3BS) significantly improved the anticancer activity of Bn1. The present study provides a new insight of benzyl vanillin derivatives as potential anti-leukemic agent.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080983</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24260527</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Anticancer properties ; Antineoplastic Agents - chemical synthesis ; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology ; Antitumor activity ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis - drug effects ; Benzaldehydes - chemistry ; Benzenesulfonates - chemistry ; Benzimidazole ; Benzimidazoles ; Benzimidazoles - chemistry ; Binding ; Binding Sites ; Biochemistry ; Cancer ; Cancer therapies ; Cancer treatment ; Caspase ; Caspase 9 ; Cell cycle ; Cell death ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation - drug effects ; Chemistry ; Computer applications ; Conjugation ; Cytotoxicity ; Deoxyribonucleic acid ; DNA ; DNA binding ; DNA fragmentation ; DNA Fragmentation - drug effects ; DNA methylation ; DNA structure ; DNA, Neoplasm - chemistry ; DNA, Neoplasm - metabolism ; Drug Design ; Drug discovery ; E coli ; G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints - drug effects ; Humans ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Hydrophobicity ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Leukemia ; Medical research ; Mitochondria ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Nuclei ; Pharmaceutical sciences ; Pharmacology ; Political aspects ; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship ; Salmonella ; Salmonella Typhimurium ; Titration ; Vanillin ; Viscosity</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-11, Vol.8 (11), p.e80983</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Al-Mudaris et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Al-Mudaris et al 2013 Al-Mudaris et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-cdf56df58b96e1144bbd5cdac3cc881e2bcad410c3332b49c576ff3816ab91823</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-cdf56df58b96e1144bbd5cdac3cc881e2bcad410c3332b49c576ff3816ab91823</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3829952/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3829952/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24260527$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Khan, Rizwan H.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Al-Mudaris, Zena A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Majid, Aman S A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ji, Dan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Mudarris, Ban A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Shih-Hsun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Po-Huang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osman, Hasnah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jamal Din, Shah Kamal Khan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdul Majid, Amin M S</creatorcontrib><title>Conjugation of benzylvanillin and benzimidazole structure improves DNA binding with enhanced antileukemic properties</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Benzyl-o-vanillin and benzimidazole nucleus serve as important pharmacophore in drug discovery. The benzyl vanillin (2-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) compound shows anti-proliferative activity in HL60 leukemia cancer cells and can effect cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Its apoptosis activity was due to disruption of mitochondrial functioning. In this study, we have studied a series of compounds consisting of benzyl vanillin and benzimidazole structures. We hypothesize that by fusing these two structures we can produce compounds that have better anticancer activity with improved specificity particularly towards the leukemia cell line. Here we explored the anticancer activity of three compounds namely 2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2MP, N-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2XP, and (R) and (S)-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl benzenesulfonate, 3BS and compared their activity to 2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, (Bn1), the parent compound. 2XP and 3BS induces cell death of U937 leukemic cell line through DNA fragmentation that lead to the intrinsic caspase 9 activation. DNA binding study primarily by the equilibrium binding titration assay followed by the Viscosity study reveal the DNA binding through groove region with intrinsic binding constant 7.39 µM/bp and 6.86 µM/bp for 3BS and 2XP respectively. 2XP and 3BS showed strong DNA binding activity by the UV titration method with the computational drug modeling showed that both 2XP and 3BS failed to form any electrostatic linkages except via hydrophobic interaction through the minor groove region of the nucleic acid. The benzylvanillin alone (Bn1) has weak anticancer activity even after it was combined with the benzimidazole (2MP), but after addition of another benzylvanillin structure (2XP), stronger activity was observed. Also, the combination of benzylvanillin with benzenesulfonate (3BS) significantly improved the anticancer activity of Bn1. The present study provides a new insight of benzyl vanillin derivatives as potential anti-leukemic agent.</description><subject>Anticancer properties</subject><subject>Antineoplastic Agents - chemical synthesis</subject><subject>Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antitumor activity</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Apoptosis - drug effects</subject><subject>Benzaldehydes - chemistry</subject><subject>Benzenesulfonates - chemistry</subject><subject>Benzimidazole</subject><subject>Benzimidazoles</subject><subject>Benzimidazoles - chemistry</subject><subject>Binding</subject><subject>Binding Sites</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cancer therapies</subject><subject>Cancer treatment</subject><subject>Caspase</subject><subject>Caspase 9</subject><subject>Cell cycle</subject><subject>Cell death</subject><subject>Cell Line, Tumor</subject><subject>Cell Proliferation - drug effects</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Computer applications</subject><subject>Conjugation</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>DNA binding</subject><subject>DNA fragmentation</subject><subject>DNA Fragmentation - drug effects</subject><subject>DNA methylation</subject><subject>DNA structure</subject><subject>DNA, Neoplasm - chemistry</subject><subject>DNA, Neoplasm - metabolism</subject><subject>Drug Design</subject><subject>Drug discovery</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints - drug effects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions</subject><subject>Hydrophobicity</subject><subject>Inhibitory Concentration 50</subject><subject>Leukemia</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Mitochondria</subject><subject>Molecular Docking Simulation</subject><subject>Nuclei</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical sciences</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Political aspects</subject><subject>Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship</subject><subject>Salmonella</subject><subject>Salmonella Typhimurium</subject><subject>Titration</subject><subject>Vanillin</subject><subject>Viscosity</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk12P1CAUhhujcdfRf2C0iYnRixlLoRRuTCbj1yQbN_HrllCgHUYKY6Gju79eOtPdTM1emIaUwPMeXs7hJMlTkC0ALMGbres7y81i56xaZBnJKIH3knNAYT7HeQbvn8zPkkfeb7OsgATjh8lZjnKcFXl5noSVs9u-4UE7m7o6rZS9vjJ7brUx2qbcysOSbrXk186o1IeuF6HvVKrbXef2yqfvPi_TSlupbZP-1mGTKrvhVigZ5UEb1f9UrRZppHeqC1r5x8mDmhuvnoz_WfL9w_tvq0_zi8uP69XyYi4wzcNcyLrAcZCKYgUAQlUlCyG5gEIQAlReCS4RyASEMK8QFUWJ6xoSgHlFAcnhLHl-jLszzrMxYZ4BhAuKyhLiSKyPhHR8y3adbnl3xRzX7LDguobxaFkYxZBUlMTMQywFIlVFKYyOalQDgUtQohjr7XhaX7VKCmVDx80k6HTH6g1r3J5BklNaDHZfjQE696tXPrBWe6GM4Va5_uAbEIIoGXy_-Ae9-3Yj1fB4AW1rF88VQ1C2RCXJcY5j6mbJ4g4qfnIoW3xddazhVPB6IohMUH9Cw3vv2frrl_9nL39M2Zcn7EZxEzbemX54m34KoiMoOud9p-rbJIOMDc1xkw02NAcbmyPKnp0W6FZ00w3wL0bLDHE</recordid><startdate>20131115</startdate><enddate>20131115</enddate><creator>Al-Mudaris, Zena A</creator><creator>Majid, Aman S A</creator><creator>Ji, Dan</creator><creator>Al-Mudarris, Ban A</creator><creator>Chen, Shih-Hsun</creator><creator>Liang, Po-Huang</creator><creator>Osman, Hasnah</creator><creator>Jamal Din, Shah Kamal Khan</creator><creator>Abdul Majid, Amin M S</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131115</creationdate><title>Conjugation of benzylvanillin and benzimidazole structure improves DNA binding with enhanced antileukemic properties</title><author>Al-Mudaris, Zena A ; Majid, Aman S A ; Ji, Dan ; Al-Mudarris, Ban A ; Chen, Shih-Hsun ; Liang, Po-Huang ; Osman, Hasnah ; Jamal Din, Shah Kamal Khan ; Abdul Majid, Amin M S</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-cdf56df58b96e1144bbd5cdac3cc881e2bcad410c3332b49c576ff3816ab91823</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Anticancer properties</topic><topic>Antineoplastic Agents - 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Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Al-Mudaris, Zena A</au><au>Majid, Aman S A</au><au>Ji, Dan</au><au>Al-Mudarris, Ban A</au><au>Chen, Shih-Hsun</au><au>Liang, Po-Huang</au><au>Osman, Hasnah</au><au>Jamal Din, Shah Kamal Khan</au><au>Abdul Majid, Amin M S</au><au>Khan, Rizwan H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Conjugation of benzylvanillin and benzimidazole structure improves DNA binding with enhanced antileukemic properties</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-11-15</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e80983</spage><pages>e80983-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Benzyl-o-vanillin and benzimidazole nucleus serve as important pharmacophore in drug discovery. The benzyl vanillin (2-(benzyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) compound shows anti-proliferative activity in HL60 leukemia cancer cells and can effect cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. Its apoptosis activity was due to disruption of mitochondrial functioning. In this study, we have studied a series of compounds consisting of benzyl vanillin and benzimidazole structures. We hypothesize that by fusing these two structures we can produce compounds that have better anticancer activity with improved specificity particularly towards the leukemia cell line. Here we explored the anticancer activity of three compounds namely 2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2MP, N-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole, 2XP, and (R) and (S)-1-(2-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2, 2, 2-trichloroethyl benzenesulfonate, 3BS and compared their activity to 2-benzyloxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, (Bn1), the parent compound. 2XP and 3BS induces cell death of U937 leukemic cell line through DNA fragmentation that lead to the intrinsic caspase 9 activation. DNA binding study primarily by the equilibrium binding titration assay followed by the Viscosity study reveal the DNA binding through groove region with intrinsic binding constant 7.39 µM/bp and 6.86 µM/bp for 3BS and 2XP respectively. 2XP and 3BS showed strong DNA binding activity by the UV titration method with the computational drug modeling showed that both 2XP and 3BS failed to form any electrostatic linkages except via hydrophobic interaction through the minor groove region of the nucleic acid. The benzylvanillin alone (Bn1) has weak anticancer activity even after it was combined with the benzimidazole (2MP), but after addition of another benzylvanillin structure (2XP), stronger activity was observed. Also, the combination of benzylvanillin with benzenesulfonate (3BS) significantly improved the anticancer activity of Bn1. The present study provides a new insight of benzyl vanillin derivatives as potential anti-leukemic agent.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24260527</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0080983</doi><tpages>e80983</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2013-11, Vol.8 (11), p.e80983 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1465947736 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Anticancer properties Antineoplastic Agents - chemical synthesis Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology Antitumor activity Apoptosis Apoptosis - drug effects Benzaldehydes - chemistry Benzenesulfonates - chemistry Benzimidazole Benzimidazoles Benzimidazoles - chemistry Binding Binding Sites Biochemistry Cancer Cancer therapies Cancer treatment Caspase Caspase 9 Cell cycle Cell death Cell Line, Tumor Cell Proliferation - drug effects Chemistry Computer applications Conjugation Cytotoxicity Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA binding DNA fragmentation DNA Fragmentation - drug effects DNA methylation DNA structure DNA, Neoplasm - chemistry DNA, Neoplasm - metabolism Drug Design Drug discovery E coli G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints - drug effects Humans Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Hydrophobicity Inhibitory Concentration 50 Leukemia Medical research Mitochondria Molecular Docking Simulation Nuclei Pharmaceutical sciences Pharmacology Political aspects Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Salmonella Salmonella Typhimurium Titration Vanillin Viscosity |
| title | Conjugation of benzylvanillin and benzimidazole structure improves DNA binding with enhanced antileukemic properties |
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