Factors that affect proliferation of Salmonella in tomatoes post-harvest: the roles of seasonal effects, irrigation regime, crop and pathogen genotype
Fresh fruits and vegetables become increasingly recognized as vehicles of human salmonellosis. Physiological, ecological, and environmental factors are all thought to contribute to the ability of Salmonella to colonize fruits and vegetables pre- and post-harvest. The goal of this study was to test h...
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| description | Fresh fruits and vegetables become increasingly recognized as vehicles of human salmonellosis. Physiological, ecological, and environmental factors are all thought to contribute to the ability of Salmonella to colonize fruits and vegetables pre- and post-harvest. The goal of this study was to test how irrigation levels, fruit water congestion, crop and pathogen genotypes affect the ability of Salmonella to multiply in tomatoes post-harvest.
Fruits from three tomato varieties, grown over three production seasons in two Florida locations, were infected with seven strains of Salmonella and their ability to multiply post-harvest in field-grown tomatoes was tested. The field experiments were set up as a two-factor factorial split plot experiment, with the whole-plot treatments arranged in a randomized complete-block design. The irrigation treatment (at three levels) was the whole-plot factor, and the split-plot factor was tomato variety, with three levels. The significance of the main, two-way, and three-way interaction effects was tested using the (type III) F-tests for fixed effects. Mean separation for each significant fixed effect in the model was performed using Tukey's multiple comparison testing procedure.
The irrigation regime per se did not affect susceptibility of the crop to post-harvest proliferation of Salmonella. However, Salmonella grew significantly better in water-congested tissues of green tomatoes. Tomato maturity and genotype, Salmonella genotype, and inter-seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation. Red ripe tomatoes were significantly and consistently more conducive to proliferation of Salmonella. Tomatoes harvested in the driest, sunniest season were the most conducive to post-harvest proliferation of the pathogen. Statistically significant interactions between production conditions affected post-harvest susceptibility of the crop to the pathogen. UV irradiation of tomatoes post-harvest promoted Salmonella growth. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0080871 |
| format | Article |
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Fruits from three tomato varieties, grown over three production seasons in two Florida locations, were infected with seven strains of Salmonella and their ability to multiply post-harvest in field-grown tomatoes was tested. The field experiments were set up as a two-factor factorial split plot experiment, with the whole-plot treatments arranged in a randomized complete-block design. The irrigation treatment (at three levels) was the whole-plot factor, and the split-plot factor was tomato variety, with three levels. The significance of the main, two-way, and three-way interaction effects was tested using the (type III) F-tests for fixed effects. Mean separation for each significant fixed effect in the model was performed using Tukey's multiple comparison testing procedure.
The irrigation regime per se did not affect susceptibility of the crop to post-harvest proliferation of Salmonella. However, Salmonella grew significantly better in water-congested tissues of green tomatoes. Tomato maturity and genotype, Salmonella genotype, and inter-seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation. Red ripe tomatoes were significantly and consistently more conducive to proliferation of Salmonella. Tomatoes harvested in the driest, sunniest season were the most conducive to post-harvest proliferation of the pathogen. Statistically significant interactions between production conditions affected post-harvest susceptibility of the crop to the pathogen. UV irradiation of tomatoes post-harvest promoted Salmonella growth.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080871</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24324640</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Agricultural Irrigation - methods ; Annual variations ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; Crops ; E coli ; Environmental factors ; Epidemics ; Escherichia coli ; Experimental design ; Field tests ; Food ; Food Contamination - prevention & control ; Food Handling - methods ; Food Microbiology ; Fruit - microbiology ; Fruits ; Genetic aspects ; Genotype ; Genotypes ; Harvest ; Harvesting ; Humans ; Hypotheses ; Irradiation ; Irrigation ; Irrigation water ; Lettuce ; Lycopersicon esculentum - microbiology ; Microbiota ; Pathogens ; Physiological aspects ; Physiological effects ; Salmonella ; Salmonella enterica - classification ; Salmonella enterica - genetics ; Salmonella enterica - growth & development ; Salmonella food poisoning ; Salmonella Food Poisoning - prevention & control ; Salmonella Typhimurium ; Salmonellosis ; Science ; Seasonal variations ; Seasons ; Statistical analysis ; Tissues ; Tomatoes ; U.V. radiation ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vegetables</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e80871</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Marvasi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Marvasi et al 2013 Marvasi et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a00275c957f9169f3bcdf7e255eb82e6e961f17b0376f4199e6988d65a1d7433</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a00275c957f9169f3bcdf7e255eb82e6e961f17b0376f4199e6988d65a1d7433</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851777/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3851777/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Marvasi, Massimiliano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hochmuth, George J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giurcanu, Mihai C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>George, Andrée S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noel, Jason T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartz, Jerry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Teplitski, Max</creatorcontrib><title>Factors that affect proliferation of Salmonella in tomatoes post-harvest: the roles of seasonal effects, irrigation regime, crop and pathogen genotype</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Fresh fruits and vegetables become increasingly recognized as vehicles of human salmonellosis. Physiological, ecological, and environmental factors are all thought to contribute to the ability of Salmonella to colonize fruits and vegetables pre- and post-harvest. The goal of this study was to test how irrigation levels, fruit water congestion, crop and pathogen genotypes affect the ability of Salmonella to multiply in tomatoes post-harvest.
Fruits from three tomato varieties, grown over three production seasons in two Florida locations, were infected with seven strains of Salmonella and their ability to multiply post-harvest in field-grown tomatoes was tested. The field experiments were set up as a two-factor factorial split plot experiment, with the whole-plot treatments arranged in a randomized complete-block design. The irrigation treatment (at three levels) was the whole-plot factor, and the split-plot factor was tomato variety, with three levels. The significance of the main, two-way, and three-way interaction effects was tested using the (type III) F-tests for fixed effects. Mean separation for each significant fixed effect in the model was performed using Tukey's multiple comparison testing procedure.
The irrigation regime per se did not affect susceptibility of the crop to post-harvest proliferation of Salmonella. However, Salmonella grew significantly better in water-congested tissues of green tomatoes. Tomato maturity and genotype, Salmonella genotype, and inter-seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation. Red ripe tomatoes were significantly and consistently more conducive to proliferation of Salmonella. Tomatoes harvested in the driest, sunniest season were the most conducive to post-harvest proliferation of the pathogen. Statistically significant interactions between production conditions affected post-harvest susceptibility of the crop to the pathogen. UV irradiation of tomatoes post-harvest promoted Salmonella growth.</description><subject>Agricultural Irrigation - methods</subject><subject>Annual variations</subject><subject>Bacterial Typing Techniques</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Experimental design</subject><subject>Field tests</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food Contamination - prevention & control</subject><subject>Food Handling - methods</subject><subject>Food Microbiology</subject><subject>Fruit - microbiology</subject><subject>Fruits</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Harvest</subject><subject>Harvesting</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypotheses</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Irrigation water</subject><subject>Lettuce</subject><subject>Lycopersicon esculentum - microbiology</subject><subject>Microbiota</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Physiological effects</subject><subject>Salmonella</subject><subject>Salmonella enterica - classification</subject><subject>Salmonella enterica - genetics</subject><subject>Salmonella enterica - growth & development</subject><subject>Salmonella food poisoning</subject><subject>Salmonella Food Poisoning - prevention & control</subject><subject>Salmonella Typhimurium</subject><subject>Salmonellosis</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Tissues</subject><subject>Tomatoes</subject><subject>U.V. radiation</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Ultraviolet Rays</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk3Fr1DAYxosobk6_gWhAEITdmTRt0vqHMIbTg8HAqf-G99o3bY62qUluuC_i5zW368YVFKSUlje_58nLk7xJ8pLRJeOSvd_YrRugW452wCWlBS0ke5Qcs5KnC5FS_vjg_yh55v2G0pwXQjxNjtKMp5nI6HHy-wKqYJ0noYVAQGusAhmd7YxGB8HYgVhNrqHr4zZdB8QMJNgegkVPRuvDogV3gz58iA5IojDWo8IjeBvbI3hn6U-Jcc40e0eHjenxlFTOjgSGmowQWtvgQOJrw-2Iz5MnGjqPL6bvSfL94tO38y-Ly6vPq_Ozy0UlyjQsMqA0lXlV5lKXTJSar6taS0zzHNdFigJLwTSTa8ql0BkrSxRlUdQiB1bLjPOT5PXed-ysV1OkXrEYTllElx2x2hO1hY0anenB3SoLRt0VrGsUuGCqDhVIKDQTMeaUZizX67JAXmCdViylsaHo9XHabbvusa5wCA66mel8ZTCtauyN4kXOpJTR4M1k4OzPbUz9Hy1PVAOxKzNoG82q3vhKnWWyyDiTGYvU8i9UfGrsTRVPW5tYnwnezQSRCfgrNLD1Xq2uv_4_e_Vjzr49YFuELrTedtvdVfFzMNuD8d5471A_JMeo2s3EfRpqNxNqmokoe3WY-oPofgj4H8tjCOo</recordid><startdate>20131204</startdate><enddate>20131204</enddate><creator>Marvasi, Massimiliano</creator><creator>Hochmuth, George J</creator><creator>Giurcanu, Mihai C</creator><creator>George, Andrée S</creator><creator>Noel, Jason T</creator><creator>Bartz, Jerry</creator><creator>Teplitski, Max</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20131204</creationdate><title>Factors that affect proliferation of Salmonella in tomatoes post-harvest: the roles of seasonal effects, irrigation regime, crop and pathogen genotype</title><author>Marvasi, Massimiliano ; Hochmuth, George J ; Giurcanu, Mihai C ; George, Andrée S ; Noel, Jason T ; Bartz, Jerry ; Teplitski, Max</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-4a00275c957f9169f3bcdf7e255eb82e6e961f17b0376f4199e6988d65a1d7433</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Agricultural Irrigation - 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Physiological, ecological, and environmental factors are all thought to contribute to the ability of Salmonella to colonize fruits and vegetables pre- and post-harvest. The goal of this study was to test how irrigation levels, fruit water congestion, crop and pathogen genotypes affect the ability of Salmonella to multiply in tomatoes post-harvest.
Fruits from three tomato varieties, grown over three production seasons in two Florida locations, were infected with seven strains of Salmonella and their ability to multiply post-harvest in field-grown tomatoes was tested. The field experiments were set up as a two-factor factorial split plot experiment, with the whole-plot treatments arranged in a randomized complete-block design. The irrigation treatment (at three levels) was the whole-plot factor, and the split-plot factor was tomato variety, with three levels. The significance of the main, two-way, and three-way interaction effects was tested using the (type III) F-tests for fixed effects. Mean separation for each significant fixed effect in the model was performed using Tukey's multiple comparison testing procedure.
The irrigation regime per se did not affect susceptibility of the crop to post-harvest proliferation of Salmonella. However, Salmonella grew significantly better in water-congested tissues of green tomatoes. Tomato maturity and genotype, Salmonella genotype, and inter-seasonal differences were the strongest factors affecting proliferation. Red ripe tomatoes were significantly and consistently more conducive to proliferation of Salmonella. Tomatoes harvested in the driest, sunniest season were the most conducive to post-harvest proliferation of the pathogen. Statistically significant interactions between production conditions affected post-harvest susceptibility of the crop to the pathogen. UV irradiation of tomatoes post-harvest promoted Salmonella growth.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24324640</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0080871</doi><tpages>e80871</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2013-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e80871 |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Agricultural Irrigation - methods Annual variations Bacterial Typing Techniques Crops E coli Environmental factors Epidemics Escherichia coli Experimental design Field tests Food Food Contamination - prevention & control Food Handling - methods Food Microbiology Fruit - microbiology Fruits Genetic aspects Genotype Genotypes Harvest Harvesting Humans Hypotheses Irradiation Irrigation Irrigation water Lettuce Lycopersicon esculentum - microbiology Microbiota Pathogens Physiological aspects Physiological effects Salmonella Salmonella enterica - classification Salmonella enterica - genetics Salmonella enterica - growth & development Salmonella food poisoning Salmonella Food Poisoning - prevention & control Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonellosis Science Seasonal variations Seasons Statistical analysis Tissues Tomatoes U.V. radiation Ultraviolet radiation Ultraviolet Rays Vegetables |
| title | Factors that affect proliferation of Salmonella in tomatoes post-harvest: the roles of seasonal effects, irrigation regime, crop and pathogen genotype |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-13T05%3A05%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Factors%20that%20affect%20proliferation%20of%20Salmonella%20in%20tomatoes%20post-harvest:%20the%20roles%20of%20seasonal%20effects,%20irrigation%20regime,%20crop%20and%20pathogen%20genotype&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Marvasi,%20Massimiliano&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e80871&rft.pages=e80871-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080871&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478431741%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1464982553&rft_id=info:pmid/24324640&rft_galeid=A478431741&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_a7a8f1600520415fb98e38ed2c1205eb&rfr_iscdi=true |