Wolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species, Phengaris teleius and P. nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

Deep mitochondrial divergence within species may result from cryptic speciation, from phylogeographic isolation or from endosymbiotic bacteria like Wolbachia that manipulate host reproduction. Phengaris butterflies are social parasites that spend most of their life in close relationship with ants. P...

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Veröffentlicht in:PloS one 2013-11, Vol.8 (11), p.e78107-e78107
Hauptverfasser: Ritter, Sylvia, Michalski, Stefan G, Settele, Josef, Wiemers, Martin, Fric, Zdenek F, Sielezniew, Marcin, Šašić, Martina, Rozier, Yves, Durka, Walter
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container_issue 11
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container_title PloS one
container_volume 8
creator Ritter, Sylvia
Michalski, Stefan G
Settele, Josef
Wiemers, Martin
Fric, Zdenek F
Sielezniew, Marcin
Šašić, Martina
Rozier, Yves
Durka, Walter
description Deep mitochondrial divergence within species may result from cryptic speciation, from phylogeographic isolation or from endosymbiotic bacteria like Wolbachia that manipulate host reproduction. Phengaris butterflies are social parasites that spend most of their life in close relationship with ants. Previously, cryptic speciation has been hypothesised for two Phengaris species based on divergent mtDNA sequences. Since Phengaris species are highly endangered, the existence of cryptic species would have drastic consequences for conservation and management. We tested for cryptic speciation and alternative scenarios in P. teleius and P. nausithous based on a comprehensive sample across their Palaearctic ranges using COI gene sequences, nuclear microsatellites and tests for Wolbachia. In both species a deep mitochondrial split occurring 0.65-1.97 myrs ago was observed that did not correspond with microsatellite data but was concordant with Wolbachia infection. Haplotypes previously attributed to cryptic species were part of the Wolbachia-infected clades. In both species remaining phylogeographic structure was largely consistent between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. In P. teleius several mitochondrial and nuclear groups were observed in East Asia while a single haplogroup and nuclear cluster prevailed across continental Eurasia. Neutrality tests suggested rapid demographic expansion into that area. In contrast, P. nausithous had several mitochondrial and nuclear groups in Europe, suggesting a complex phylogeographic history in the western part of the species range. We conclude that deep intraspecific divergences found in DNA barcode studies do not necessarily need to represent cryptic speciation but instead can be due to both infection by Wolbachia and phylogeographic structure.
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Phengaris butterflies are social parasites that spend most of their life in close relationship with ants. Previously, cryptic speciation has been hypothesised for two Phengaris species based on divergent mtDNA sequences. Since Phengaris species are highly endangered, the existence of cryptic species would have drastic consequences for conservation and management. We tested for cryptic speciation and alternative scenarios in P. teleius and P. nausithous based on a comprehensive sample across their Palaearctic ranges using COI gene sequences, nuclear microsatellites and tests for Wolbachia. In both species a deep mitochondrial split occurring 0.65-1.97 myrs ago was observed that did not correspond with microsatellite data but was concordant with Wolbachia infection. Haplotypes previously attributed to cryptic species were part of the Wolbachia-infected clades. In both species remaining phylogeographic structure was largely consistent between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. 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source Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
subjects Animals
Ants - parasitology
Asia
Biodiversity
Biogeography
Butterflies
Butterflies & moths
Butterflies - classification
Butterflies - genetics
Cell Nucleus - genetics
COI protein
Community ecology
Conservation
Cryptic species
Demographics
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Divergence
DNA
DNA barcoding
Electron Transport Complex IV - classification
Electron Transport Complex IV - genetics
Endangered & extinct species
Endangered species
Europe
Female
Gene sequencing
Genetic Markers
Genetic Speciation
Genetic Variation
Genome, Mitochondrial
Genomes
Genomics
Haplotypes
Health aspects
Infections
Insect Proteins - classification
Insect Proteins - genetics
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Microsatellite Repeats
Microsatellites
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA
Morphology
Nymphalidae
Parasites
Phengaris teleius
Phylogeny
Phylogeography
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Speciation
Symbiosis
Wildlife conservation
Wolbachia
Wolbachia - physiology
Zoology
title Wolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species, Phengaris teleius and P. nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
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