Fearful foragers: honey bees tune colony and individual foraging to multi-predator presence and food quality
Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a compl...
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| creator | Tan, Ken Hu, Zongwen Chen, Weiwen Wang, Zhengwei Wang, Yuchong Nieh, James C |
| description | Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55-79% and residence times by 17-33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. However, when balancing food quality against multiple threats (sweeter food corresponding to higher danger), colonies exhibited greater fear than individuals. Colonies decreased foraging at low and high danger patches. Individuals exhibited less fear and only decreased visits to the high danger patch. Contrasting individual with emergent colony-level effects of fear can thus illuminate how predators shape pollination by social bees. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0075841 |
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In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55-79% and residence times by 17-33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. However, when balancing food quality against multiple threats (sweeter food corresponding to higher danger), colonies exhibited greater fear than individuals. Colonies decreased foraging at low and high danger patches. Individuals exhibited less fear and only decreased visits to the high danger patch. Contrasting individual with emergent colony-level effects of fear can thus illuminate how predators shape pollination by social bees.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075841</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24098734</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis of Variance ; Animal behavior ; Animals ; Apidae ; Apis cerana ; Apis mellifera ; Appetitive Behavior - physiology ; Bees ; Bees - physiology ; Choice Behavior - physiology ; Colonies ; Ecology ; Ecosystem assessment ; Fear ; Feeders ; Fitness ; Flowers ; Food ; Food plants ; Food quality ; Forage ; Hazards ; Honey ; Hymenoptera ; Nutritive Value ; Plant Nectar - chemistry ; Plant reproduction ; Pollination ; Pollinators ; Predators ; Predatory Behavior - physiology ; Reinforcement ; Social Behavior ; Species ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Studies ; Sucrose ; Sugar ; Time Factors ; Vespa velutina ; Vespidae ; Vespula pensylvanica ; Wasps - physiology</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-09, Vol.8 (9), p.e75841-e75841</ispartof><rights>2013 Tan et al. 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In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55-79% and residence times by 17-33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. However, when balancing food quality against multiple threats (sweeter food corresponding to higher danger), colonies exhibited greater fear than individuals. Colonies decreased foraging at low and high danger patches. Individuals exhibited less fear and only decreased visits to the high danger patch. Contrasting individual with emergent colony-level effects of fear can thus illuminate how predators shape pollination by social bees.</description><subject>Analysis of Variance</subject><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Apidae</subject><subject>Apis cerana</subject><subject>Apis mellifera</subject><subject>Appetitive Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Bees</subject><subject>Bees - physiology</subject><subject>Choice Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Colonies</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecosystem assessment</subject><subject>Fear</subject><subject>Feeders</subject><subject>Fitness</subject><subject>Flowers</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food plants</subject><subject>Food quality</subject><subject>Forage</subject><subject>Hazards</subject><subject>Honey</subject><subject>Hymenoptera</subject><subject>Nutritive Value</subject><subject>Plant Nectar - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant reproduction</subject><subject>Pollination</subject><subject>Pollinators</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Predatory Behavior - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Tan, Ken</au><au>Hu, Zongwen</au><au>Chen, Weiwen</au><au>Wang, Zhengwei</au><au>Wang, Yuchong</au><au>Nieh, James C</au><au>Pratt, Stephen C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fearful foragers: honey bees tune colony and individual foraging to multi-predator presence and food quality</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-09-30</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e75841</spage><epage>e75841</epage><pages>e75841-e75841</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55-79% and residence times by 17-33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations. However, when balancing food quality against multiple threats (sweeter food corresponding to higher danger), colonies exhibited greater fear than individuals. Colonies decreased foraging at low and high danger patches. Individuals exhibited less fear and only decreased visits to the high danger patch. Contrasting individual with emergent colony-level effects of fear can thus illuminate how predators shape pollination by social bees.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24098734</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0075841</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis of Variance Animal behavior Animals Apidae Apis cerana Apis mellifera Appetitive Behavior - physiology Bees Bees - physiology Choice Behavior - physiology Colonies Ecology Ecosystem assessment Fear Feeders Fitness Flowers Food Food plants Food quality Forage Hazards Honey Hymenoptera Nutritive Value Plant Nectar - chemistry Plant reproduction Pollination Pollinators Predators Predatory Behavior - physiology Reinforcement Social Behavior Species Statistics, Nonparametric Studies Sucrose Sugar Time Factors Vespa velutina Vespidae Vespula pensylvanica Wasps - physiology |
| title | Fearful foragers: honey bees tune colony and individual foraging to multi-predator presence and food quality |
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