Error correcting mechanisms during antisaccades: contribution of online control during primary saccades and offline control via secondary saccades
Errors in eye movements can be corrected during the ongoing saccade through in-flight modifications (i.e., online control), or by programming a secondary eye movement (i.e., offline control). In a reflexive saccade task, the oculomotor system can use extraretinal information (i.e., efference copy) o...
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| creator | Bedi, Harleen Goltz, Herbert C Wong, Agnes M F Chandrakumar, Manokaraananthan Niechwiej-Szwedo, Ewa |
| description | Errors in eye movements can be corrected during the ongoing saccade through in-flight modifications (i.e., online control), or by programming a secondary eye movement (i.e., offline control). In a reflexive saccade task, the oculomotor system can use extraretinal information (i.e., efference copy) online to correct errors in the primary saccade, and offline retinal information to generate a secondary corrective saccade. The purpose of this study was to examine the error correction mechanisms in the antisaccade task. The roles of extraretinal and retinal feedback in maintaining eye movement accuracy were investigated by presenting visual feedback at the spatial goal of the antisaccade. We found that online control for antisaccade is not affected by the presence of visual feedback; that is whether visual feedback is present or not, the duration of the deceleration interval was extended and significantly correlated with reduced antisaccade endpoint error. We postulate that the extended duration of deceleration is a feature of online control during volitional saccades to improve their endpoint accuracy. We found that secondary saccades were generated more frequently in the antisaccade task compared to the reflexive saccade task. Furthermore, we found evidence for a greater contribution from extraretinal sources of feedback in programming the secondary "corrective" saccades in the antisaccade task. Nonetheless, secondary saccades were more corrective for the remaining antisaccade amplitude error in the presence of visual feedback of the target. Taken together, our results reveal a distinctive online error control strategy through an extension of the deceleration interval in the antisaccade task. Target feedback does not improve online control, rather it improves the accuracy of secondary saccades in the antisaccade task. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0068613 |
| format | Article |
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In a reflexive saccade task, the oculomotor system can use extraretinal information (i.e., efference copy) online to correct errors in the primary saccade, and offline retinal information to generate a secondary corrective saccade. The purpose of this study was to examine the error correction mechanisms in the antisaccade task. The roles of extraretinal and retinal feedback in maintaining eye movement accuracy were investigated by presenting visual feedback at the spatial goal of the antisaccade. We found that online control for antisaccade is not affected by the presence of visual feedback; that is whether visual feedback is present or not, the duration of the deceleration interval was extended and significantly correlated with reduced antisaccade endpoint error. We postulate that the extended duration of deceleration is a feature of online control during volitional saccades to improve their endpoint accuracy. We found that secondary saccades were generated more frequently in the antisaccade task compared to the reflexive saccade task. Furthermore, we found evidence for a greater contribution from extraretinal sources of feedback in programming the secondary "corrective" saccades in the antisaccade task. Nonetheless, secondary saccades were more corrective for the remaining antisaccade amplitude error in the presence of visual feedback of the target. Taken together, our results reveal a distinctive online error control strategy through an extension of the deceleration interval in the antisaccade task. Target feedback does not improve online control, rather it improves the accuracy of secondary saccades in the antisaccade task.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068613</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23936308</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acceleration ; Accuracy ; Adult ; Biology ; Deceleration ; Error analysis ; Error correction ; Error correction & detection ; Eye ; Eye movements ; Feedback ; Feedback, Physiological ; Female ; Humans ; Information systems ; Internet ; Male ; Medicine ; Neurosciences ; Oculomotor Muscles - physiology ; Oculomotor system ; Regression analysis ; Retina ; Retina - physiology ; Saccades - physiology ; Saccadic eye movements ; Studies ; Visual perception</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-08, Vol.8 (8), p.e68613-e68613</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Bedi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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One</addtitle><date>2013-08-06</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e68613</spage><epage>e68613</epage><pages>e68613-e68613</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Errors in eye movements can be corrected during the ongoing saccade through in-flight modifications (i.e., online control), or by programming a secondary eye movement (i.e., offline control). In a reflexive saccade task, the oculomotor system can use extraretinal information (i.e., efference copy) online to correct errors in the primary saccade, and offline retinal information to generate a secondary corrective saccade. The purpose of this study was to examine the error correction mechanisms in the antisaccade task. The roles of extraretinal and retinal feedback in maintaining eye movement accuracy were investigated by presenting visual feedback at the spatial goal of the antisaccade. We found that online control for antisaccade is not affected by the presence of visual feedback; that is whether visual feedback is present or not, the duration of the deceleration interval was extended and significantly correlated with reduced antisaccade endpoint error. We postulate that the extended duration of deceleration is a feature of online control during volitional saccades to improve their endpoint accuracy. We found that secondary saccades were generated more frequently in the antisaccade task compared to the reflexive saccade task. Furthermore, we found evidence for a greater contribution from extraretinal sources of feedback in programming the secondary "corrective" saccades in the antisaccade task. Nonetheless, secondary saccades were more corrective for the remaining antisaccade amplitude error in the presence of visual feedback of the target. Taken together, our results reveal a distinctive online error control strategy through an extension of the deceleration interval in the antisaccade task. Target feedback does not improve online control, rather it improves the accuracy of secondary saccades in the antisaccade task.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23936308</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0068613</doi><tpages>e68613</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acceleration Accuracy Adult Biology Deceleration Error analysis Error correction Error correction & detection Eye Eye movements Feedback Feedback, Physiological Female Humans Information systems Internet Male Medicine Neurosciences Oculomotor Muscles - physiology Oculomotor system Regression analysis Retina Retina - physiology Saccades - physiology Saccadic eye movements Studies Visual perception |
| title | Error correcting mechanisms during antisaccades: contribution of online control during primary saccades and offline control via secondary saccades |
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