Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates
Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii inf...
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| description | Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown.
During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.
We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0074737 |
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During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.
We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074737</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24019979</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Clusters ; Cryptococcosis - epidemiology ; Cryptococcosis - veterinary ; Cryptococcosis - virology ; Cryptococcus gattii ; Cryptococcus gattii - genetics ; Cryptococcus gattii - isolation & purification ; Disease control ; Disease prevention ; Fungal infections ; Genotype ; Genotypes ; Genotyping ; Health aspects ; Health surveillance ; Humans ; Infection ; Infections ; Mating ; Multilocus sequence typing ; Northwestern United States - epidemiology ; Outbreaks ; Pathogens ; Phylogeny ; Public health ; United States ; Veterinary medicine</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-09, Vol.8 (9), p.e74737-e74737</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013. This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-369c7ddf4219bda110c4506db2cda8153defd53daa56337fd6a5ab0d911e579e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-369c7ddf4219bda110c4506db2cda8153defd53daa56337fd6a5ab0d911e579e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760847/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760847/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019979$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lockhart, Shawn R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Naureen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Harris, Julie R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grossman, Nina T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>DeBess, Emilio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wohrle, Ron</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marsden-Haug, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vugia, Duc J</creatorcontrib><title>Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown.
During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.
We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Clusters</subject><subject>Cryptococcosis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cryptococcosis - veterinary</subject><subject>Cryptococcosis - virology</subject><subject>Cryptococcus gattii</subject><subject>Cryptococcus gattii - genetics</subject><subject>Cryptococcus gattii - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Fungal infections</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Genotyping</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health surveillance</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Mating</subject><subject>Multilocus sequence typing</subject><subject>Northwestern United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Veterinary medicine</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk12L1DAUhoso7jr6D0QDgujFjEnTJo0XwjL4MbCw4LpeGtIk7WToJLNJOjj_3tTpLlPZCym0IX3e95ycnJNlLxFcIEzRh43rvRXdYuesXkBIC4rpo-wcMZzPSQ7x45P1WfYshA2EJa4IeZqd5QVEjFF2nv1a-sMuOumk7ANoRYzGAGNBXGtwY03UClxHEXX4CFptXTzsjATK7LUPJh6Aa8C63woLhFVgr6P2xgp_ACa4blA9z540ogv6xfidZTdfPv9YfptfXn1dLS8u55KWVZxjwiRVqilyxGolEIKyKCFRdS6VqFCJlW5UegtREoxpo4goRQ0VQ0iXlGk8y14ffXedC3wsTeCoyBmpKkRJIlZHQjmx4TtvtilP7oThfzecb7nw0chOc6VYxWitG4iaoipTFg0raaWQJkVNqyJ5fRqj9fVWK6lt9KKbmE7_WLPmrdtzTAms0kXNsnejgXe3vQ6Rb02QuuuE1a4f8saIoLLMcULf_IM-fLqRakU6gLGNS3HlYMoviiHlgpIh7OIBKj1Kb41MfdSYtD8RvJ8IEhP179iKPgS-uv7-_-zVzyn79oRda9HFdeqYPhpnwxQsjqD0LgSvm_siI8iHMbirBh_GgI9jkGSvTi_oXnTX9_gPYZED7w</recordid><startdate>20130903</startdate><enddate>20130903</enddate><creator>Lockhart, Shawn R</creator><creator>Iqbal, Naureen</creator><creator>Harris, Julie R</creator><creator>Grossman, Nina T</creator><creator>DeBess, Emilio</creator><creator>Wohrle, Ron</creator><creator>Marsden-Haug, Nicola</creator><creator>Vugia, Duc J</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130903</creationdate><title>Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates</title><author>Lockhart, Shawn R ; Iqbal, Naureen ; Harris, Julie R ; Grossman, Nina T ; DeBess, Emilio ; Wohrle, Ron ; Marsden-Haug, Nicola ; Vugia, Duc J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-369c7ddf4219bda110c4506db2cda8153defd53daa56337fd6a5ab0d911e579e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Clusters</topic><topic>Cryptococcosis - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lockhart, Shawn R</au><au>Iqbal, Naureen</au><au>Harris, Julie R</au><au>Grossman, Nina T</au><au>DeBess, Emilio</au><au>Wohrle, Ron</au><au>Marsden-Haug, Nicola</au><au>Vugia, Duc J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-09-03</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e74737</spage><epage>e74737</epage><pages>e74737-e74737</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown.
During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.
We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>24019979</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0074737</doi><tpages>e74737</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Clusters Cryptococcosis - epidemiology Cryptococcosis - veterinary Cryptococcosis - virology Cryptococcus gattii Cryptococcus gattii - genetics Cryptococcus gattii - isolation & purification Disease control Disease prevention Fungal infections Genotype Genotypes Genotyping Health aspects Health surveillance Humans Infection Infections Mating Multilocus sequence typing Northwestern United States - epidemiology Outbreaks Pathogens Phylogeny Public health United States Veterinary medicine |
| title | Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates |
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