Seasonal and temporal variation in release of antibiotics in hospital wastewater: estimation using continuous and grab sampling
The presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on resistance development has raised concerns globally. Hospitals are a major source of antibiotics released into the environment. To reduce these residues, research to improve knowledge of the dynamics of antibiotic release...
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| description | The presence of antibiotics in the environment and their subsequent impact on resistance development has raised concerns globally. Hospitals are a major source of antibiotics released into the environment. To reduce these residues, research to improve knowledge of the dynamics of antibiotic release from hospitals is essential. Therefore, we undertook a study to estimate seasonal and temporal variation in antibiotic release from two hospitals in India over a period of two years. For this, 6 sampling sessions of 24 hours each were conducted in the three prominent seasons of India, at all wastewater outlets of the two hospitals, using continuous and grab sampling methods. An in-house wastewater sampler was designed for continuous sampling. Eight antibiotics from four major antibiotic groups were selected for the study. To understand the temporal pattern of antibiotic release, each of the 24-hour sessions were divided in three sub-sampling sessions of 8 hours each. Solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the antibiotic residues. Six of the eight antibiotics studied were detected in the wastewater samples. Both continuous and grab sampling methods indicated that the highest quantities of fluoroquinolones were released in winter followed by the rainy season and the summer. No temporal pattern in antibiotic release was detected. In general, in a common timeframe, continuous sampling showed less concentration of antibiotics in wastewater as compared to grab sampling. It is suggested that continuous sampling should be the method of choice as grab sampling gives erroneous results, it being indicative of the quantities of antibiotics present in wastewater only at the time of sampling. Based on our studies, calculations indicate that from hospitals in India, an estimated 89, 1 and 25 ng/L/day of fluroquinolones, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole respectively, might be getting released into the environment per 100 hospital beds. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0068715 |
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Hospitals are a major source of antibiotics released into the environment. To reduce these residues, research to improve knowledge of the dynamics of antibiotic release from hospitals is essential. Therefore, we undertook a study to estimate seasonal and temporal variation in antibiotic release from two hospitals in India over a period of two years. For this, 6 sampling sessions of 24 hours each were conducted in the three prominent seasons of India, at all wastewater outlets of the two hospitals, using continuous and grab sampling methods. An in-house wastewater sampler was designed for continuous sampling. Eight antibiotics from four major antibiotic groups were selected for the study. To understand the temporal pattern of antibiotic release, each of the 24-hour sessions were divided in three sub-sampling sessions of 8 hours each. Solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the antibiotic residues. Six of the eight antibiotics studied were detected in the wastewater samples. Both continuous and grab sampling methods indicated that the highest quantities of fluoroquinolones were released in winter followed by the rainy season and the summer. No temporal pattern in antibiotic release was detected. In general, in a common timeframe, continuous sampling showed less concentration of antibiotics in wastewater as compared to grab sampling. It is suggested that continuous sampling should be the method of choice as grab sampling gives erroneous results, it being indicative of the quantities of antibiotics present in wastewater only at the time of sampling. Based on our studies, calculations indicate that from hospitals in India, an estimated 89, 1 and 25 ng/L/day of fluroquinolones, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole respectively, might be getting released into the environment per 100 hospital beds.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068715</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23861936</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - analysis ; Antibiotics ; Chemistry ; Chromatography ; Drug resistance ; Earth Sciences ; Engineering ; Environmental impact ; Fluoroquinolones ; Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap ; Health sciences ; Hospital wastes ; Hospitals ; Hostages ; Impact resistance ; Liquid chromatography ; Low income groups ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Medical Waste - analysis ; Medical wastes ; Medicine ; Metronidazole ; Microbial drug resistance ; Miljövetenskap (Samhällsvetenskapliga aspekter under 507) ; Naturvetenskap ; Polyvinyl chloride ; Public health ; Rain ; Rainy season ; Residues ; Sampling ; Sampling methods ; Seasons ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Temperature ; Temporal variations ; Time Factors ; Trends ; Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods ; Waste Water - chemistry ; Wastewater ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Winter</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-07, Vol.8 (7), p.e68715</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Diwan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Hospitals are a major source of antibiotics released into the environment. To reduce these residues, research to improve knowledge of the dynamics of antibiotic release from hospitals is essential. Therefore, we undertook a study to estimate seasonal and temporal variation in antibiotic release from two hospitals in India over a period of two years. For this, 6 sampling sessions of 24 hours each were conducted in the three prominent seasons of India, at all wastewater outlets of the two hospitals, using continuous and grab sampling methods. An in-house wastewater sampler was designed for continuous sampling. Eight antibiotics from four major antibiotic groups were selected for the study. To understand the temporal pattern of antibiotic release, each of the 24-hour sessions were divided in three sub-sampling sessions of 8 hours each. Solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the antibiotic residues. Six of the eight antibiotics studied were detected in the wastewater samples. Both continuous and grab sampling methods indicated that the highest quantities of fluoroquinolones were released in winter followed by the rainy season and the summer. No temporal pattern in antibiotic release was detected. In general, in a common timeframe, continuous sampling showed less concentration of antibiotics in wastewater as compared to grab sampling. It is suggested that continuous sampling should be the method of choice as grab sampling gives erroneous results, it being indicative of the quantities of antibiotics present in wastewater only at the time of sampling. 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Hospitals are a major source of antibiotics released into the environment. To reduce these residues, research to improve knowledge of the dynamics of antibiotic release from hospitals is essential. Therefore, we undertook a study to estimate seasonal and temporal variation in antibiotic release from two hospitals in India over a period of two years. For this, 6 sampling sessions of 24 hours each were conducted in the three prominent seasons of India, at all wastewater outlets of the two hospitals, using continuous and grab sampling methods. An in-house wastewater sampler was designed for continuous sampling. Eight antibiotics from four major antibiotic groups were selected for the study. To understand the temporal pattern of antibiotic release, each of the 24-hour sessions were divided in three sub-sampling sessions of 8 hours each. Solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the antibiotic residues. Six of the eight antibiotics studied were detected in the wastewater samples. Both continuous and grab sampling methods indicated that the highest quantities of fluoroquinolones were released in winter followed by the rainy season and the summer. No temporal pattern in antibiotic release was detected. In general, in a common timeframe, continuous sampling showed less concentration of antibiotics in wastewater as compared to grab sampling. It is suggested that continuous sampling should be the method of choice as grab sampling gives erroneous results, it being indicative of the quantities of antibiotics present in wastewater only at the time of sampling. Based on our studies, calculations indicate that from hospitals in India, an estimated 89, 1 and 25 ng/L/day of fluroquinolones, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole respectively, might be getting released into the environment per 100 hospital beds.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23861936</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0068715</doi><tpages>e68715</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anti-Bacterial Agents - analysis Antibiotics Chemistry Chromatography Drug resistance Earth Sciences Engineering Environmental impact Fluoroquinolones Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap Health sciences Hospital wastes Hospitals Hostages Impact resistance Liquid chromatography Low income groups Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Medical Waste - analysis Medical wastes Medicine Metronidazole Microbial drug resistance Miljövetenskap (Samhällsvetenskapliga aspekter under 507) Naturvetenskap Polyvinyl chloride Public health Rain Rainy season Residues Sampling Sampling methods Seasons Sulfamethoxazole Temperature Temporal variations Time Factors Trends Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods Waste Water - chemistry Wastewater Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Winter |
| title | Seasonal and temporal variation in release of antibiotics in hospital wastewater: estimation using continuous and grab sampling |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-20T10%3A59%3A31IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seasonal%20and%20temporal%20variation%20in%20release%20of%20antibiotics%20in%20hospital%20wastewater:%20estimation%20using%20continuous%20and%20grab%20sampling&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Diwan,%20Vishal&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e68715&rft.pages=e68715-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068715&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478375683%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1426970583&rft_id=info:pmid/23861936&rft_galeid=A478375683&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_21a4743a9bba4b2ab010c8da5c262c4c&rfr_iscdi=true |