Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia
In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community. The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2013-06, Vol.8 (6), p.e67108-e67108 |
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| creator | Takem, Ebako N Affara, Muna Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred Okebe, Joseph Ceesay, Serign J Jawara, Musa Oriero, Eniyou Nwakanma, Davis Pinder, Margaret Clifford, Caitlin Taal, Makie Sowe, Momodou Suso, Penda Mendy, Alphonse Mbaye, Amicoleh Drakeley, Chris D'Alessandro, Umberto |
| description | In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community.
The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses.
A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0067108 |
| format | Article |
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The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses.
A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p<0.001), while the seroprevalence was 7.8% (234/2994) [95%CI = 6.4-9.8] for MSP119, 11.6% (364/2997) [95%CI = 9.4-14.5] for MSP2, and 20.0% (593/2973) [95% CI = 16.5-23.2) for AMA1. The prevalence of all the three antimalarial antibodies positive was 2.7% (79/2920).
This survey shows that malaria prevalence and seroprevalence before the transmission season were highly heterogeneous.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067108</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23826205</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Anemia ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Protozoan - blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Councils ; Demographic variables ; Demographics ; Disease transmission ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Females ; Gambia - epidemiology ; Hemoglobin ; Humans ; Identification methods ; Immunoglobulins ; Infections ; Insecticide-Treated Bednets ; Insecticides ; Laboratories ; Malaria ; Malaria - blood ; Malaria - epidemiology ; Malaria - prevention & control ; Malaria - transmission ; Male ; Males ; Mathematical models ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Microscopy ; Pilot Projects ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Polls & surveys ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Public health ; Rivers ; Schools ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Serology ; Studies ; Surveys ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vector-borne diseases ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-06, Vol.8 (6), p.e67108-e67108</ispartof><rights>2013 Takem et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Takem et al 2013 Takem et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-8a8dcd22c887a491b8ed5150a3bc7e6a5b478fcca22f76d015f76365839605723</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c526t-8a8dcd22c887a491b8ed5150a3bc7e6a5b478fcca22f76d015f76365839605723</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694932/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3694932/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23826205$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Snounou, Georges</contributor><creatorcontrib>Takem, Ebako N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Affara, Muna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amambua-Ngwa, Alfred</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okebe, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ceesay, Serign J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jawara, Musa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oriero, Eniyou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nwakanma, Davis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pinder, Margaret</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clifford, Caitlin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taal, Makie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sowe, Momodou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Suso, Penda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mendy, Alphonse</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mbaye, Amicoleh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Drakeley, Chris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>D'Alessandro, Umberto</creatorcontrib><title>Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community.
The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses.
A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p<0.001), while the seroprevalence was 7.8% (234/2994) [95%CI = 6.4-9.8] for MSP119, 11.6% (364/2997) [95%CI = 9.4-14.5] for MSP2, and 20.0% (593/2973) [95% CI = 16.5-23.2) for AMA1. The prevalence of all the three antimalarial antibodies positive was 2.7% (79/2920).
This survey shows that malaria prevalence and seroprevalence before the transmission season were highly heterogeneous.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antibodies, Protozoan - blood</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Councils</subject><subject>Demographic variables</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Gambia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification methods</subject><subject>Immunoglobulins</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Insecticide-Treated Bednets</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria - blood</subject><subject>Malaria - epidemiology</subject><subject>Malaria - prevention & control</subject><subject>Malaria - transmission</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Pilot Projects</subject><subject>Plasmodium falciparum</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Seroepidemiologic Studies</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><subject>Young 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Penda</au><au>Mendy, Alphonse</au><au>Mbaye, Amicoleh</au><au>Drakeley, Chris</au><au>D'Alessandro, Umberto</au><au>Snounou, Georges</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-06-27</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e67108</spage><epage>e67108</epage><pages>e67108-e67108</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>In areas of declining malaria transmission such as in The Gambia, the identification of malaria infected individuals becomes increasingly harder. School surveys may be used to identify foci of malaria transmission in the community.
The survey was carried out in May-June 2011, before the beginning of the malaria transmission season. Thirty two schools in the Upper River Region of The Gambia were selected with probability proportional to size; in each school approximately 100 children were randomly chosen for inclusion in the study. Each child had a finger prick blood sample collected for the determination of antimalarial antibodies by ELISA, malaria infection by microscopy and PCR, and for haemoglobin measurement. In addition, a simple questionnaire on socio-demographic variables and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets was completed. The cut-off for positivity for antimalarial antibodies was obtained using finite mixture models. The clustered nature of the data was taken into account in the analyses.
A total of 3,277 children were included in the survey. The mean age was 10 years (SD = 2.7) [range 4-21], with males and females evenly distributed. The prevalence of malaria infection as determined by PCR was 13.6% (426/3124) [95% CI = 12.2-16.3] with marked variation between schools (range 3-25%, p<0.001), while the seroprevalence was 7.8% (234/2994) [95%CI = 6.4-9.8] for MSP119, 11.6% (364/2997) [95%CI = 9.4-14.5] for MSP2, and 20.0% (593/2973) [95% CI = 16.5-23.2) for AMA1. The prevalence of all the three antimalarial antibodies positive was 2.7% (79/2920).
This survey shows that malaria prevalence and seroprevalence before the transmission season were highly heterogeneous.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23826205</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0067108</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2013-06, Vol.8 (6), p.e67108-e67108 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1372124138 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Factors Anemia Antibodies Antibodies, Protozoan - blood Child Child, Preschool Children Councils Demographic variables Demographics Disease transmission Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Females Gambia - epidemiology Hemoglobin Humans Identification methods Immunoglobulins Infections Insecticide-Treated Bednets Insecticides Laboratories Malaria Malaria - blood Malaria - epidemiology Malaria - prevention & control Malaria - transmission Male Males Mathematical models Medical research Medicine Microscopy Pilot Projects Plasmodium falciparum Polls & surveys Polymerase Chain Reaction Prevalence Public health Rivers Schools Seroepidemiologic Studies Serology Studies Surveys Surveys and Questionnaires Vector-borne diseases Young Adult |
| title | Detecting Foci of Malaria Transmission with School Surveys: A Pilot Study in the Gambia |
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