Feeding mechanics in spinosaurid theropods and extant crocodilians
A number of extant and extinct archosaurs evolved an elongate, narrow rostrum. This longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish and smaller prey items compared to taxa with broader, more robust snouts. The evolution of longirostrine morphology and a...
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| description | A number of extant and extinct archosaurs evolved an elongate, narrow rostrum. This longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish and smaller prey items compared to taxa with broader, more robust snouts. The evolution of longirostrine morphology and a bulbous anterior rosette of premaxillary teeth also occurs in the spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs, leading to suggestions that at least some members of this clade also had a diet comprising a notable proportion of fish or other small vertebrates. Here we compare the rostral biomechanics of the spinosaurs Baryonyx walkeri and Spinosaurus c.f. S. aegyptiacus to three extant crocodilians: two longistrine taxa, the African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus and the Indian gharial Gavialis gangeticus; and the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Using computed tomography (CT) data, the second moments of area and moments of inertia at successive transverse slices along the rostrum were calculated for each of the species. Size-independent results tested the biomechanical benefits of material distribution within the rostra. The two spinosaur rostra were both digitally reconstructed from CT data and compared against all three crocodilians. Results show that African slender-snouted crocodile skulls are more resistant to bending than an equivalent sized gharial. The alligator has the highest resistances to bending and torsion of the crocodiles for its size and greater than that of the spinosaurs. The spinosaur rostra possess similar resistance to bending and torsion despite their different morphologies. When size is accounted for, B. walkeri performs mechanically differently from the gharial, contradicting previous studies whereas Spinosaurus does not. Biomechanical data support known feeding ecology for both African slender-snouted crocodile and alligator, and suggest that the spinosaurs were not obligate piscivores with diet being determined by individual animal size. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0065295 |
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This longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish and smaller prey items compared to taxa with broader, more robust snouts. The evolution of longirostrine morphology and a bulbous anterior rosette of premaxillary teeth also occurs in the spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs, leading to suggestions that at least some members of this clade also had a diet comprising a notable proportion of fish or other small vertebrates. Here we compare the rostral biomechanics of the spinosaurs Baryonyx walkeri and Spinosaurus c.f. S. aegyptiacus to three extant crocodilians: two longistrine taxa, the African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus and the Indian gharial Gavialis gangeticus; and the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Using computed tomography (CT) data, the second moments of area and moments of inertia at successive transverse slices along the rostrum were calculated for each of the species. Size-independent results tested the biomechanical benefits of material distribution within the rostra. The two spinosaur rostra were both digitally reconstructed from CT data and compared against all three crocodilians. Results show that African slender-snouted crocodile skulls are more resistant to bending than an equivalent sized gharial. The alligator has the highest resistances to bending and torsion of the crocodiles for its size and greater than that of the spinosaurs. The spinosaur rostra possess similar resistance to bending and torsion despite their different morphologies. When size is accounted for, B. walkeri performs mechanically differently from the gharial, contradicting previous studies whereas Spinosaurus does not. Biomechanical data support known feeding ecology for both African slender-snouted crocodile and alligator, and suggest that the spinosaurs were not obligate piscivores with diet being determined by individual animal size.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065295</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23724135</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Alligator mississippiensis ; Alligators ; Alligators and Crocodiles - anatomy & histology ; Alligators and Crocodiles - physiology ; Animals ; Aquatic reptiles ; Baryons ; Baryonyx walkeri ; Bending stresses ; Biological evolution ; Biology ; Biomechanics ; Body Size ; Computed tomography ; Crocodiles ; Crocodylia ; Diet ; Dinosaurs ; Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology ; Dinosaurs - physiology ; Earth science ; Earth Sciences ; Ecological monitoring ; Ecology ; Elongation ; Endangered & extinct species ; Evolution ; Extinction ; Extinction, Biological ; Feeding ; Feeding Behavior - physiology ; Fish ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Jaw - anatomy & histology ; Jaw - diagnostic imaging ; Moments of inertia ; Morphology ; Paleontology ; Prey ; Rostrum ; Spinosaurus ; Taxa ; Teeth ; Theory ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Torsion ; Vertebrates ; Zoology</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-05, Vol.8 (5), p.e65295-e65295</ispartof><rights>2013 Cuff, Rayfield. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Cuff, Rayfield 2013 Cuff, Rayfield</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a615t-23c548ad7c25d2a3c905b7c82cf1286b1e61462a10abff45ec754d05a17d638b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a615t-23c548ad7c25d2a3c905b7c82cf1286b1e61462a10abff45ec754d05a17d638b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665537/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3665537/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,729,782,786,866,887,2106,2932,23875,27933,27934,53800,53802</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724135$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Farke, Andrew A.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Cuff, Andrew R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rayfield, Emily J</creatorcontrib><title>Feeding mechanics in spinosaurid theropods and extant crocodilians</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>A number of extant and extinct archosaurs evolved an elongate, narrow rostrum. This longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish and smaller prey items compared to taxa with broader, more robust snouts. The evolution of longirostrine morphology and a bulbous anterior rosette of premaxillary teeth also occurs in the spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs, leading to suggestions that at least some members of this clade also had a diet comprising a notable proportion of fish or other small vertebrates. Here we compare the rostral biomechanics of the spinosaurs Baryonyx walkeri and Spinosaurus c.f. S. aegyptiacus to three extant crocodilians: two longistrine taxa, the African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus and the Indian gharial Gavialis gangeticus; and the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Using computed tomography (CT) data, the second moments of area and moments of inertia at successive transverse slices along the rostrum were calculated for each of the species. Size-independent results tested the biomechanical benefits of material distribution within the rostra. The two spinosaur rostra were both digitally reconstructed from CT data and compared against all three crocodilians. Results show that African slender-snouted crocodile skulls are more resistant to bending than an equivalent sized gharial. The alligator has the highest resistances to bending and torsion of the crocodiles for its size and greater than that of the spinosaurs. The spinosaur rostra possess similar resistance to bending and torsion despite their different morphologies. When size is accounted for, B. walkeri performs mechanically differently from the gharial, contradicting previous studies whereas Spinosaurus does not. Biomechanical data support known feeding ecology for both African slender-snouted crocodile and alligator, and suggest that the spinosaurs were not obligate piscivores with diet being determined by individual animal size.</description><subject>Alligator mississippiensis</subject><subject>Alligators</subject><subject>Alligators and Crocodiles - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Alligators and Crocodiles - physiology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Aquatic reptiles</subject><subject>Baryons</subject><subject>Baryonyx walkeri</subject><subject>Bending stresses</subject><subject>Biological evolution</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Body Size</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Crocodiles</subject><subject>Crocodylia</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Dinosaurs</subject><subject>Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Dinosaurs - physiology</subject><subject>Earth science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecological monitoring</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Elongation</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Extinction</subject><subject>Extinction, Biological</subject><subject>Feeding</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</subject><subject>Jaw - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Jaw - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Moments of inertia</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Paleontology</subject><subject>Prey</subject><subject>Rostrum</subject><subject>Spinosaurus</subject><subject>Taxa</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><subject>Theory</subject><subject>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</subject><subject>Torsion</subject><subject>Vertebrates</subject><subject>Zoology</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUk1v1DAUtBCIlsI_QBCpFy67-NvJBQkqCpUqcYGz9WK_7HqVtYOdVPDvm-2mVYs4-cmeGc88DSFvGV0zYdjHXZpyhH49pIhrSrXijXpGTlkj-EpzKp4_mk_Iq1J2lCpRa_2SnHBhuGRCnZIvl4g-xE21R7eFGFypQqzKEGIqMOXgq3GLOQ3Jlwqir_DPCHGsXE4u-dAHiOU1edFBX_DNcp6RX5dff158X13_-HZ18fl6BZqpccWFU7IGbxxXnoNwDVWtcTV3HeO1bhlqJjUHRqHtOqnQGSU9VcCM16JuxRl5f9Qd-lTsEr_YOYZqqOHazIirI8In2Nkhhz3kvzZBsHcXKW8s5DG4Hq0XgOg489iBpAahpkI7p4ysZ0HTzFqflt-mdo_eYRwz9E9En77EsLWbdGOF1kqJg5kPi0BOvycso92H4rDvIWKa7nwb2TRc0Rl6_g_0_-nkETUvv5SM3YMZRu2hEvcse6iEXSox0949DvJAuu-AuAUE27Tb</recordid><startdate>20130528</startdate><enddate>20130528</enddate><creator>Cuff, Andrew R</creator><creator>Rayfield, Emily J</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130528</creationdate><title>Feeding mechanics in spinosaurid theropods and extant crocodilians</title><author>Cuff, Andrew R ; Rayfield, Emily J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a615t-23c548ad7c25d2a3c905b7c82cf1286b1e61462a10abff45ec754d05a17d638b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Alligator mississippiensis</topic><topic>Alligators</topic><topic>Alligators and Crocodiles - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Alligators and Crocodiles - physiology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Aquatic reptiles</topic><topic>Baryons</topic><topic>Baryonyx walkeri</topic><topic>Bending stresses</topic><topic>Biological evolution</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Body Size</topic><topic>Computed tomography</topic><topic>Crocodiles</topic><topic>Crocodylia</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Dinosaurs</topic><topic>Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Dinosaurs - physiology</topic><topic>Earth science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ecological monitoring</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Elongation</topic><topic>Endangered & extinct species</topic><topic>Evolution</topic><topic>Extinction</topic><topic>Extinction, Biological</topic><topic>Feeding</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Image Processing, Computer-Assisted</topic><topic>Jaw - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Jaw - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Moments of inertia</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Paleontology</topic><topic>Prey</topic><topic>Rostrum</topic><topic>Spinosaurus</topic><topic>Taxa</topic><topic>Teeth</topic><topic>Theory</topic><topic>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</topic><topic>Torsion</topic><topic>Vertebrates</topic><topic>Zoology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cuff, Andrew R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rayfield, Emily J</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cuff, Andrew R</au><au>Rayfield, Emily J</au><au>Farke, Andrew A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Feeding mechanics in spinosaurid theropods and extant crocodilians</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-05-28</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e65295</spage><epage>e65295</epage><pages>e65295-e65295</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>A number of extant and extinct archosaurs evolved an elongate, narrow rostrum. This longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish and smaller prey items compared to taxa with broader, more robust snouts. The evolution of longirostrine morphology and a bulbous anterior rosette of premaxillary teeth also occurs in the spinosaurid theropod dinosaurs, leading to suggestions that at least some members of this clade also had a diet comprising a notable proportion of fish or other small vertebrates. Here we compare the rostral biomechanics of the spinosaurs Baryonyx walkeri and Spinosaurus c.f. S. aegyptiacus to three extant crocodilians: two longistrine taxa, the African slender-snouted crocodile Mecistops cataphractus and the Indian gharial Gavialis gangeticus; and the American alligator Alligator mississippiensis. Using computed tomography (CT) data, the second moments of area and moments of inertia at successive transverse slices along the rostrum were calculated for each of the species. Size-independent results tested the biomechanical benefits of material distribution within the rostra. The two spinosaur rostra were both digitally reconstructed from CT data and compared against all three crocodilians. Results show that African slender-snouted crocodile skulls are more resistant to bending than an equivalent sized gharial. The alligator has the highest resistances to bending and torsion of the crocodiles for its size and greater than that of the spinosaurs. The spinosaur rostra possess similar resistance to bending and torsion despite their different morphologies. When size is accounted for, B. walkeri performs mechanically differently from the gharial, contradicting previous studies whereas Spinosaurus does not. Biomechanical data support known feeding ecology for both African slender-snouted crocodile and alligator, and suggest that the spinosaurs were not obligate piscivores with diet being determined by individual animal size.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23724135</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0065295</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Alligator mississippiensis Alligators Alligators and Crocodiles - anatomy & histology Alligators and Crocodiles - physiology Animals Aquatic reptiles Baryons Baryonyx walkeri Bending stresses Biological evolution Biology Biomechanics Body Size Computed tomography Crocodiles Crocodylia Diet Dinosaurs Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology Dinosaurs - physiology Earth science Earth Sciences Ecological monitoring Ecology Elongation Endangered & extinct species Evolution Extinction Extinction, Biological Feeding Feeding Behavior - physiology Fish Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Jaw - anatomy & histology Jaw - diagnostic imaging Moments of inertia Morphology Paleontology Prey Rostrum Spinosaurus Taxa Teeth Theory Tomography, X-Ray Computed Torsion Vertebrates Zoology |
| title | Feeding mechanics in spinosaurid theropods and extant crocodilians |
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