Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels
We investigated the independent and combined effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on abnormal liver function, i.e., the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels. Participants of a Korean population-based prospective cohort aged ≥30 years without liver disease, diabe...
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| creator | Park, Eun Young Lim, Min Kyung Oh, Jin-Kyoung Cho, Heeyoun Bae, Mi Jin Yun, E Hwa Kim, Dong-il Shin, Hai-Rim |
| description | We investigated the independent and combined effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on abnormal liver function, i.e., the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels. Participants of a Korean population-based prospective cohort aged ≥30 years without liver disease, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases were included. Information on alcohol consumption, smoking status, and metabolic syndrome, defined as per the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III, were applied to evaluate their impact on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome were the significant individual factors that elevated serum liver enzyme levels. Supra-additive effects of metabolic syndrome and either alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking were also identified. The combination of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome conferred an effect that was higher than the sum of the two individual effects (Synergic Index (SI): AST, 2.37 [1.20-4.67]; GGT, 1.91 [1.17-3.13]). Only GGT level (odds ratio 6.04 [3.68-9.94], SI 2.33 [1.24-4.41]) was significantly elevated when the effect of moderate drinking (20 pack years elevated the AST level (SI 4.55 [3.12-6.61]). The combined effect of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome was not supra-additive. To prevent fatty liver disease and other related diseases, a multifactorial prevention strategy that includes limited alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and rectification of adverse metabolic profiles is required. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0063439 |
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Participants of a Korean population-based prospective cohort aged ≥30 years without liver disease, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases were included. Information on alcohol consumption, smoking status, and metabolic syndrome, defined as per the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III, were applied to evaluate their impact on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome were the significant individual factors that elevated serum liver enzyme levels. Supra-additive effects of metabolic syndrome and either alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking were also identified. The combination of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome conferred an effect that was higher than the sum of the two individual effects (Synergic Index (SI): AST, 2.37 [1.20-4.67]; GGT, 1.91 [1.17-3.13]). Only GGT level (odds ratio 6.04 [3.68-9.94], SI 2.33 [1.24-4.41]) was significantly elevated when the effect of moderate drinking (<24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was combined. The combined effect of any level of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking was also supra-additive on the elevation of GGT level with SIs of 5.57 for drinking <24 g/day and smoking ≤20 pack years, 5.12 for <24 g/day and >20 pack years, 1.80 for ≥24 g/day and ≤20 pack years, 2.03 for ≥24 g/day and >20 pack years, while only the combined effect of drinking ≥24 g/day and smoking >20 pack years elevated the AST level (SI 4.55 [3.12-6.61]). The combined effect of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome was not supra-additive. To prevent fatty liver disease and other related diseases, a multifactorial prevention strategy that includes limited alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and rectification of adverse metabolic profiles is required.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063439</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23667618</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Alanine ; Alanine transaminase ; Alanine Transaminase - blood ; Alcohol Drinking - blood ; Alcohol use ; Alcohols ; Analysis ; Aspartate ; Aspartate aminotransferase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood ; Biology ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Cigarette smoking ; Cigarettes ; Cohort Studies ; Demography ; Diabetes mellitus ; Disease control ; Drinking (Alcoholic beverages) ; Drinking behavior ; Drug addiction ; Enzymes ; Fatty liver ; Female ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase - blood ; Gender differences ; Health risk assessment ; Heart diseases ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver - enzymology ; Liver cancer ; Liver diseases ; Male ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Metabolic syndrome ; Metabolic Syndrome - blood ; Metabolic Syndrome - enzymology ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Republic of Korea ; Rodents ; Serum levels ; Smoking ; Smoking - blood ; Smoking cessation ; Socioeconomic factors ; Type 2 diabetes ; γ-Glutamyltransferase</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-05, Vol.8 (5), p.e63439-e63439</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Park et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Park et al 2013 Park et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-220ecc3567d7e6a8e939d198796fa87b91310054c25741e2ba7c35909c4cada13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-220ecc3567d7e6a8e939d198796fa87b91310054c25741e2ba7c35909c4cada13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646757/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3646757/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667618$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Alisi, Anna</contributor><creatorcontrib>Park, Eun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Min Kyung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Jin-Kyoung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cho, Heeyoun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Mi Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yun, E Hwa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-il</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shin, Hai-Rim</creatorcontrib><title>Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>We investigated the independent and combined effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on abnormal liver function, i.e., the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels. Participants of a Korean population-based prospective cohort aged ≥30 years without liver disease, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases were included. Information on alcohol consumption, smoking status, and metabolic syndrome, defined as per the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III, were applied to evaluate their impact on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome were the significant individual factors that elevated serum liver enzyme levels. Supra-additive effects of metabolic syndrome and either alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking were also identified. The combination of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome conferred an effect that was higher than the sum of the two individual effects (Synergic Index (SI): AST, 2.37 [1.20-4.67]; GGT, 1.91 [1.17-3.13]). Only GGT level (odds ratio 6.04 [3.68-9.94], SI 2.33 [1.24-4.41]) was significantly elevated when the effect of moderate drinking (<24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was combined. The combined effect of any level of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking was also supra-additive on the elevation of GGT level with SIs of 5.57 for drinking <24 g/day and smoking ≤20 pack years, 5.12 for <24 g/day and >20 pack years, 1.80 for ≥24 g/day and ≤20 pack years, 2.03 for ≥24 g/day and >20 pack years, while only the combined effect of drinking ≥24 g/day and smoking >20 pack years elevated the AST level (SI 4.55 [3.12-6.61]). The combined effect of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome was not supra-additive. To prevent fatty liver disease and other related diseases, a multifactorial prevention strategy that includes limited alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and rectification of adverse metabolic profiles is required.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Alanine</subject><subject>Alanine transaminase</subject><subject>Alanine Transaminase - blood</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - blood</subject><subject>Alcohol use</subject><subject>Alcohols</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Aspartate</subject><subject>Aspartate aminotransferase</subject><subject>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Cigarette smoking</subject><subject>Cigarettes</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Drinking (Alcoholic beverages)</subject><subject>Drinking behavior</subject><subject>Drug addiction</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Fatty liver</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>gamma-Glutamyltransferase - blood</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver - enzymology</subject><subject>Liver cancer</subject><subject>Liver diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Metabolic syndrome</subject><subject>Metabolic Syndrome - blood</subject><subject>Metabolic Syndrome - enzymology</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Republic of Korea</subject><subject>Rodents</subject><subject>Serum levels</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking - blood</subject><subject>Smoking cessation</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Type 2 diabetes</subject><subject>γ-Glutamyltransferase</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11r2zAUhs3YWLtu_2BsgsHYoMksS5asm0Ep-wgUCvu6FYp8nCiTpVSSy7Ifst87uUlLMnoxDLItPe97dI50iuI5LqeYcPxu5YfglJ2uvYNpWTJCiXhQHGNBqgmrSvJw7_uoeBLjqixr0jD2uDiqCGOc4ea4-DNzLawhDy4h5VoUh3VQE9W2JplrQNB1oFNEvkPKar_0Fmnv4tCvk_HuFGmzUAFSAhR7_9O4xemNSw9Jzb01GsWNa4PvAXmH0jIbWrhWo3a0jBCGHtkcKCBwvzcZy8tg49PiUadshGe790nx_eOHb-efJxeXn2bnZxcTzesmTaqqBK1JzXjLgakGBBEtFg0XrFMNnwtMcM6a6qrmFEM1VzzTohSaatUqTE6Kl1vftfVR7koaJSZ1KVjTcJqJ2ZZovVrJdTC9ChvplZE3Ez4spArJaAtSEF6XrBTQtZSSuWryT11jShpBOdQke73fRRvmPbQ61zwoe2B6uOLMUi78tSSMMl7zbPBmZxD81QAxyd5EDdYqB37Y7rsRNcUj-uof9P7sdtRC5QSM63yOq0dTeUZ5Q0TeO8vU9B4qPy30Jl8H6EyePxC8PRBkJsGvtFBDjHL29cv_s5c_DtnXe-wSlE3L6O0w3qd4CNItqIOPMUB3V2RcyrF9bqshx_aRu_bJshf7B3Qnuu0X8hfB0haq</recordid><startdate>20130507</startdate><enddate>20130507</enddate><creator>Park, Eun Young</creator><creator>Lim, Min Kyung</creator><creator>Oh, Jin-Kyoung</creator><creator>Cho, Heeyoun</creator><creator>Bae, Mi Jin</creator><creator>Yun, E Hwa</creator><creator>Kim, Dong-il</creator><creator>Shin, Hai-Rim</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130507</creationdate><title>Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels</title><author>Park, Eun Young ; Lim, Min Kyung ; Oh, Jin-Kyoung ; Cho, Heeyoun ; Bae, Mi Jin ; Yun, E Hwa ; Kim, Dong-il ; Shin, Hai-Rim</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-220ecc3567d7e6a8e939d198796fa87b91310054c25741e2ba7c35909c4cada13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Alanine</topic><topic>Alanine transaminase</topic><topic>Alanine Transaminase - blood</topic><topic>Alcohol Drinking - blood</topic><topic>Alcohol use</topic><topic>Alcohols</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Aspartate</topic><topic>Aspartate aminotransferase</topic><topic>Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Cardiovascular diseases</topic><topic>Cigarette smoking</topic><topic>Cigarettes</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Drinking (Alcoholic beverages)</topic><topic>Drinking behavior</topic><topic>Drug addiction</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Fatty liver</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>gamma-Glutamyltransferase - blood</topic><topic>Gender differences</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Heart diseases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Liver - enzymology</topic><topic>Liver cancer</topic><topic>Liver diseases</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Metabolic syndrome</topic><topic>Metabolic Syndrome - blood</topic><topic>Metabolic Syndrome - enzymology</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Republic of Korea</topic><topic>Rodents</topic><topic>Serum levels</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Smoking - blood</topic><topic>Smoking cessation</topic><topic>Socioeconomic factors</topic><topic>Type 2 diabetes</topic><topic>γ-Glutamyltransferase</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Park, Eun Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Min Kyung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Jin-Kyoung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cho, Heeyoun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bae, Mi Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yun, E Hwa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Dong-il</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shin, Hai-Rim</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Park, Eun Young</au><au>Lim, Min Kyung</au><au>Oh, Jin-Kyoung</au><au>Cho, Heeyoun</au><au>Bae, Mi Jin</au><au>Yun, E Hwa</au><au>Kim, Dong-il</au><au>Shin, Hai-Rim</au><au>Alisi, Anna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-05-07</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e63439</spage><epage>e63439</epage><pages>e63439-e63439</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>We investigated the independent and combined effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome on abnormal liver function, i.e., the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels. Participants of a Korean population-based prospective cohort aged ≥30 years without liver disease, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases were included. Information on alcohol consumption, smoking status, and metabolic syndrome, defined as per the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III, were applied to evaluate their impact on serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome were the significant individual factors that elevated serum liver enzyme levels. Supra-additive effects of metabolic syndrome and either alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking were also identified. The combination of heavy drinking (≥24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome conferred an effect that was higher than the sum of the two individual effects (Synergic Index (SI): AST, 2.37 [1.20-4.67]; GGT, 1.91 [1.17-3.13]). Only GGT level (odds ratio 6.04 [3.68-9.94], SI 2.33 [1.24-4.41]) was significantly elevated when the effect of moderate drinking (<24 g/day) and metabolic syndrome was combined. The combined effect of any level of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking was also supra-additive on the elevation of GGT level with SIs of 5.57 for drinking <24 g/day and smoking ≤20 pack years, 5.12 for <24 g/day and >20 pack years, 1.80 for ≥24 g/day and ≤20 pack years, 2.03 for ≥24 g/day and >20 pack years, while only the combined effect of drinking ≥24 g/day and smoking >20 pack years elevated the AST level (SI 4.55 [3.12-6.61]). The combined effect of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome was not supra-additive. To prevent fatty liver disease and other related diseases, a multifactorial prevention strategy that includes limited alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and rectification of adverse metabolic profiles is required.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23667618</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0063439</doi><tpages>e63439</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1350968874 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adult Aged Alanine Alanine transaminase Alanine Transaminase - blood Alcohol Drinking - blood Alcohol use Alcohols Analysis Aspartate Aspartate aminotransferase Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood Biology Cardiovascular diseases Cigarette smoking Cigarettes Cohort Studies Demography Diabetes mellitus Disease control Drinking (Alcoholic beverages) Drinking behavior Drug addiction Enzymes Fatty liver Female gamma-Glutamyltransferase - blood Gender differences Health risk assessment Heart diseases Humans Liver Liver - enzymology Liver cancer Liver diseases Male Medical research Medicine Metabolic syndrome Metabolic Syndrome - blood Metabolic Syndrome - enzymology Middle Aged Mortality Republic of Korea Rodents Serum levels Smoking Smoking - blood Smoking cessation Socioeconomic factors Type 2 diabetes γ-Glutamyltransferase |
| title | Independent and supra-additive effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and metabolic syndrome on the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-24T02%3A25%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Independent%20and%20supra-additive%20effects%20of%20alcohol%20consumption,%20cigarette%20smoking,%20and%20metabolic%20syndrome%20on%20the%20elevation%20of%20serum%20liver%20enzyme%20levels&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Park,%20Eun%20Young&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e63439&rft.epage=e63439&rft.pages=e63439-e63439&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0063439&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478393896%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1350968874&rft_id=info:pmid/23667618&rft_galeid=A478393896&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_93750609efd443ba8060551438947e53&rfr_iscdi=true |