Detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reveals broad diversity and evolving phylodynamics
Limited information is available to describe the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bulgaria. To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from o...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2013-03, Vol.8 (3), p.e59666-e59666 |
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| creator | Ivanov, Ivailo Alexiev Beshkov, Danail Shankar, Anupama Hanson, Debra L Paraskevis, Dimitrios Georgieva, Viara Karamacheva, Lyudmila Taskov, Hristo Varleva, Tonka Elenkov, Ivaylo Stoicheva, Mariana Nikolova, Daniela Switzer, William M |
| description | Limited information is available to describe the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bulgaria. To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from our previous study from persons infected prior to 2007. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and phylogenetic analysis was used to infer HIV-1 evolutionary histories. 120 (59.5%) persons were infected with one of five different HIV-1 subtypes (A1, B, C, F1 and H) and 63 (31.2%) persons were infected with one of six different circulating recombinant forms (CRFs; 01_AE, 02_AG, 04_cpx, 05_DF, 14_BG, and 36_cpx). We also for the first time identified infection with two different clusters of unique A-like and F-like sub-subtype variants in 12 persons (5.9%) and seven unique recombinant forms (3.5%), including a novel J/C recombinant. While subtype B was the major genotype identified and was more prevalent in MSM and increased between 2000-2005, most non-B subtypes were present in persons ≥45 years old. CRF01_AE was the most common non-B subtype and was higher in women and IDUs relative to other risk groups combined. Our results show that HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reflects the shifting distribution of genotypes coincident with the changing epidemiology of the HIV-1 epidemic among different risk groups. Our data support increased public health interventions targeting IDUs and MSM. Furthermore, the substantial and increasing HIV-1 genetic heterogeneity, combined with fluctuating infection dynamics, highlights the importance of sustained and expanded surveillance to prevent and control HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0059666 |
| format | Article |
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To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from our previous study from persons infected prior to 2007. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and phylogenetic analysis was used to infer HIV-1 evolutionary histories. 120 (59.5%) persons were infected with one of five different HIV-1 subtypes (A1, B, C, F1 and H) and 63 (31.2%) persons were infected with one of six different circulating recombinant forms (CRFs; 01_AE, 02_AG, 04_cpx, 05_DF, 14_BG, and 36_cpx). We also for the first time identified infection with two different clusters of unique A-like and F-like sub-subtype variants in 12 persons (5.9%) and seven unique recombinant forms (3.5%), including a novel J/C recombinant. While subtype B was the major genotype identified and was more prevalent in MSM and increased between 2000-2005, most non-B subtypes were present in persons ≥45 years old. CRF01_AE was the most common non-B subtype and was higher in women and IDUs relative to other risk groups combined. Our results show that HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reflects the shifting distribution of genotypes coincident with the changing epidemiology of the HIV-1 epidemic among different risk groups. Our data support increased public health interventions targeting IDUs and MSM. Furthermore, the substantial and increasing HIV-1 genetic heterogeneity, combined with fluctuating infection dynamics, highlights the importance of sustained and expanded surveillance to prevent and control HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059666</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23527245</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ; AIDS ; Analysis ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; Biology ; Bulgaria - epidemiology ; Cladistic analysis ; Computational Biology ; Demographics ; Disease prevention ; Dynamic tests ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic Variation ; Genotypes ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; HIV ; HIV Infections - epidemiology ; HIV-1 - genetics ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infections ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Medicine ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics ; Polymerase ; Public health ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk groups ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-03, Vol.8 (3), p.e59666-e59666</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Ivanov et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Ivanov et al 2013 Ivanov et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-632825405ee577b46b492945a72a4fcd29fccf4e41a81d5e200c47f154dd000a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-632825405ee577b46b492945a72a4fcd29fccf4e41a81d5e200c47f154dd000a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602066/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602066/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23870,27928,27929,53795,53797</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23527245$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Zhang, Chiyu</contributor><creatorcontrib>Ivanov, Ivailo Alexiev</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beshkov, Danail</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shankar, Anupama</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanson, Debra L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paraskevis, Dimitrios</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Georgieva, Viara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karamacheva, Lyudmila</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taskov, Hristo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Varleva, Tonka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elenkov, Ivaylo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoicheva, Mariana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nikolova, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Switzer, William M</creatorcontrib><title>Detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reveals broad diversity and evolving phylodynamics</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Limited information is available to describe the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bulgaria. To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from our previous study from persons infected prior to 2007. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and phylogenetic analysis was used to infer HIV-1 evolutionary histories. 120 (59.5%) persons were infected with one of five different HIV-1 subtypes (A1, B, C, F1 and H) and 63 (31.2%) persons were infected with one of six different circulating recombinant forms (CRFs; 01_AE, 02_AG, 04_cpx, 05_DF, 14_BG, and 36_cpx). We also for the first time identified infection with two different clusters of unique A-like and F-like sub-subtype variants in 12 persons (5.9%) and seven unique recombinant forms (3.5%), including a novel J/C recombinant. While subtype B was the major genotype identified and was more prevalent in MSM and increased between 2000-2005, most non-B subtypes were present in persons ≥45 years old. CRF01_AE was the most common non-B subtype and was higher in women and IDUs relative to other risk groups combined. Our results show that HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reflects the shifting distribution of genotypes coincident with the changing epidemiology of the HIV-1 epidemic among different risk groups. Our data support increased public health interventions targeting IDUs and MSM. Furthermore, the substantial and increasing HIV-1 genetic heterogeneity, combined with fluctuating infection dynamics, highlights the importance of sustained and expanded surveillance to prevent and control HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria.</description><subject>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</subject><subject>AIDS</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Base Sequence</subject><subject>Bayes Theorem</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Bulgaria - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cladistic analysis</subject><subject>Computational Biology</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Dynamic tests</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Evolution, Molecular</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>HIV-1 - genetics</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Likelihood Functions</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Models, Genetic</subject><subject>Molecular Epidemiology</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics</subject><subject>Polymerase</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Risk groups</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk11v0zAUhiMEYmPwDxBEQkJw0eKvOMkN0hgfqzRpEh-7tU7tk9SVGxc7qSi3_HGcrZtatAuUi0TO874-Pn5Plj2nZEp5Sd8t_RA6cNO173BKSFFLKR9kx7TmbCIZ4Q_3vo-yJzEuE8QrKR9nR4wXrGSiOM7-fMQerEOTr7xDPTgIOa6twZX1zrdW53oBAXSPwf6G3vou901-Prua0Nx2DerrJdvlHwbXQrCQB9wguJjPgweTG7vBEG2_zaEzOW6829iuzdeLrfNm28HK6vg0e9QkBT7bvU-yH58_fT87n1xcfpmdnV5MtKxZP5GcVawQpEAsynIu5FzUrBYFlAxEow2rG60bgYJCRU2BjBAtyoYWwhhCCPCT7OWN79r5qHb9i4pyTqqacykTMbshjIelWge7grBVHqy6XvChVRB6qx2qEgqYS0M1Qi1gLMaUaKTGQlSCMJq83u92G-YrNBq7PoA7MD3809mFav1GcUkYuS7mzc4g-J8Dxl6tbNToHHToh7FuWkvKCzGir_5B7z_djmohHSDdnk_76tFUnYqyYqSUVZGo6T1UesZM6BS2JsXlUPD2QJCYHn_1LQwxqtm3r__PXl4dsq_32EUKVb-I3g1j4uIhKG5AHXyMAZu7JlOixlm57YYaZ0XtZiXJXuxf0J3odjj4X4JmELw</recordid><startdate>20130319</startdate><enddate>20130319</enddate><creator>Ivanov, Ivailo Alexiev</creator><creator>Beshkov, Danail</creator><creator>Shankar, Anupama</creator><creator>Hanson, Debra L</creator><creator>Paraskevis, Dimitrios</creator><creator>Georgieva, Viara</creator><creator>Karamacheva, Lyudmila</creator><creator>Taskov, Hristo</creator><creator>Varleva, Tonka</creator><creator>Elenkov, Ivaylo</creator><creator>Stoicheva, Mariana</creator><creator>Nikolova, Daniela</creator><creator>Switzer, William M</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130319</creationdate><title>Detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reveals broad diversity and evolving phylodynamics</title><author>Ivanov, Ivailo Alexiev ; Beshkov, Danail ; Shankar, Anupama ; Hanson, Debra L ; Paraskevis, Dimitrios ; Georgieva, Viara ; Karamacheva, Lyudmila ; Taskov, Hristo ; Varleva, Tonka ; Elenkov, Ivaylo ; Stoicheva, Mariana ; Nikolova, Daniela ; Switzer, William M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-632825405ee577b46b492945a72a4fcd29fccf4e41a81d5e200c47f154dd000a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Acquired immune deficiency syndrome</topic><topic>AIDS</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Base Sequence</topic><topic>Bayes Theorem</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Bulgaria - 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To better understand the genetic diversity and the epidemiologic dynamics of HIV-1 we analyzed 125 new polymerase (pol) sequences from Bulgarians diagnosed through 2009 and 77 pol sequences available from our previous study from persons infected prior to 2007. Epidemiologic and demographic information was obtained from each participant and phylogenetic analysis was used to infer HIV-1 evolutionary histories. 120 (59.5%) persons were infected with one of five different HIV-1 subtypes (A1, B, C, F1 and H) and 63 (31.2%) persons were infected with one of six different circulating recombinant forms (CRFs; 01_AE, 02_AG, 04_cpx, 05_DF, 14_BG, and 36_cpx). We also for the first time identified infection with two different clusters of unique A-like and F-like sub-subtype variants in 12 persons (5.9%) and seven unique recombinant forms (3.5%), including a novel J/C recombinant. While subtype B was the major genotype identified and was more prevalent in MSM and increased between 2000-2005, most non-B subtypes were present in persons ≥45 years old. CRF01_AE was the most common non-B subtype and was higher in women and IDUs relative to other risk groups combined. Our results show that HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reflects the shifting distribution of genotypes coincident with the changing epidemiology of the HIV-1 epidemic among different risk groups. Our data support increased public health interventions targeting IDUs and MSM. Furthermore, the substantial and increasing HIV-1 genetic heterogeneity, combined with fluctuating infection dynamics, highlights the importance of sustained and expanded surveillance to prevent and control HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23527245</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0059666</doi><tpages>e59666</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1330893366 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS Analysis Base Sequence Bayes Theorem Biodiversity Biology Bulgaria - epidemiology Cladistic analysis Computational Biology Demographics Disease prevention Dynamic tests Epidemics Epidemiology Evolution Evolution, Molecular Female Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Genotypes Health aspects Health risks HIV HIV Infections - epidemiology HIV-1 - genetics Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infections Likelihood Functions Male Medicine Models, Genetic Molecular Epidemiology Molecular Sequence Data Phylogeny pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics Polymerase Public health Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Risk groups Sequence Analysis, DNA Species Specificity |
| title | Detailed molecular epidemiologic characterization of HIV-1 infection in Bulgaria reveals broad diversity and evolving phylodynamics |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-16T21%3A14%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detailed%20molecular%20epidemiologic%20characterization%20of%20HIV-1%20infection%20in%20Bulgaria%20reveals%20broad%20diversity%20and%20evolving%20phylodynamics&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ivanov,%20Ivailo%20Alexiev&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=e59666&rft.epage=e59666&rft.pages=e59666-e59666&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059666&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA478207685%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1330893366&rft_id=info:pmid/23527245&rft_galeid=A478207685&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_7a5ab6d1cea94a46b4d7ed6ce5484021&rfr_iscdi=true |