A systematic examination of colour development in synthetic ultramarine according to historical methods
A number of historical texts are investigated to ascertain the optimum conditions for the preparation of synthetic ultramarine, using preparative methods that would have been available to alchemists and colour chemists of the nineteenth century. The effect of varying the proportion of sulphur in the...
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| description | A number of historical texts are investigated to ascertain the optimum conditions for the preparation of synthetic ultramarine, using preparative methods that would have been available to alchemists and colour chemists of the nineteenth century. The effect of varying the proportion of sulphur in the starting material on the colour of the final product is investigated. The optimum preparation involves heating a homogenised, pelletised mixture of kaolin (100 parts), sodium carbonate (100 parts), bitumen emulsion (or any 'sticky' carbon source) (12 parts) and sulphur (60 parts) at 750°C for ca. 4 hours. At this stage the ingress of air should be limited. The sample is allowed to cool in the furnace to 500°C, the ingress of air is permitted and additional sulphur (30 parts) is introduced before a second calcination step is undertaken at 500°C for two hours. The products obtained from the optimum synthesis have CIE ranges of x = 0.2945-0.3125, y = 0.2219-0.2617, Y = 0.4257-0.4836, L* = 3.8455-4.3682, a* = 4.2763-7.6943, b* = -7.6772-(-)3.3033, L = 3.8455-4.3682, C = 5.3964-10.8693, h = 315.0636-322.2562. The values are calculated using UV/visible near infrared spectra using Lazurite [1], under D65 illumination, and the 1931 2° observer. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0050364 |
| format | Article |
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The effect of varying the proportion of sulphur in the starting material on the colour of the final product is investigated. The optimum preparation involves heating a homogenised, pelletised mixture of kaolin (100 parts), sodium carbonate (100 parts), bitumen emulsion (or any 'sticky' carbon source) (12 parts) and sulphur (60 parts) at 750°C for ca. 4 hours. At this stage the ingress of air should be limited. The sample is allowed to cool in the furnace to 500°C, the ingress of air is permitted and additional sulphur (30 parts) is introduced before a second calcination step is undertaken at 500°C for two hours. The products obtained from the optimum synthesis have CIE ranges of x = 0.2945-0.3125, y = 0.2219-0.2617, Y = 0.4257-0.4836, L* = 3.8455-4.3682, a* = 4.2763-7.6943, b* = -7.6772-(-)3.3033, L = 3.8455-4.3682, C = 5.3964-10.8693, h = 315.0636-322.2562. The values are calculated using UV/visible near infrared spectra using Lazurite [1], under D65 illumination, and the 1931 2° observer.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050364</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23418413</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aluminum Silicates - chemical synthesis ; Aluminum Silicates - history ; Artists ; Carbon sources ; Carbonates ; Chemistry ; Chemists ; Clay ; Cobalt ; Color ; Furnaces ; Handbooks ; History, 19th Century ; Infrared spectra ; Kaolin ; Materials Science ; Methods ; Near infrared radiation ; Pigments ; Social and Behavioral Sciences ; Sodium ; Sodium carbonate ; Sulfur ; Sulfur compounds ; Trends</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-02, Vol.8 (2), p.e50364-e50364</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2013 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2013 Hamerton et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013 Hamerton et al 2013 Hamerton et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-6021c5d9e59cbc4977831cfc6d0f5511ad873b068e29c79fa710a6747efbd9423</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-6021c5d9e59cbc4977831cfc6d0f5511ad873b068e29c79fa710a6747efbd9423</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572120/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572120/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53770,53772,79347,79348</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418413$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Marr, Andrew C.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Hamerton, Ian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tedaldi, Lauren</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eastaugh, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><title>A systematic examination of colour development in synthetic ultramarine according to historical methods</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>A number of historical texts are investigated to ascertain the optimum conditions for the preparation of synthetic ultramarine, using preparative methods that would have been available to alchemists and colour chemists of the nineteenth century. The effect of varying the proportion of sulphur in the starting material on the colour of the final product is investigated. The optimum preparation involves heating a homogenised, pelletised mixture of kaolin (100 parts), sodium carbonate (100 parts), bitumen emulsion (or any 'sticky' carbon source) (12 parts) and sulphur (60 parts) at 750°C for ca. 4 hours. At this stage the ingress of air should be limited. The sample is allowed to cool in the furnace to 500°C, the ingress of air is permitted and additional sulphur (30 parts) is introduced before a second calcination step is undertaken at 500°C for two hours. The products obtained from the optimum synthesis have CIE ranges of x = 0.2945-0.3125, y = 0.2219-0.2617, Y = 0.4257-0.4836, L* = 3.8455-4.3682, a* = 4.2763-7.6943, b* = -7.6772-(-)3.3033, L = 3.8455-4.3682, C = 5.3964-10.8693, h = 315.0636-322.2562. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hamerton, Ian</au><au>Tedaldi, Lauren</au><au>Eastaugh, Nicholas</au><au>Marr, Andrew C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A systematic examination of colour development in synthetic ultramarine according to historical methods</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-02-13</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e50364</spage><epage>e50364</epage><pages>e50364-e50364</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>A number of historical texts are investigated to ascertain the optimum conditions for the preparation of synthetic ultramarine, using preparative methods that would have been available to alchemists and colour chemists of the nineteenth century. The effect of varying the proportion of sulphur in the starting material on the colour of the final product is investigated. The optimum preparation involves heating a homogenised, pelletised mixture of kaolin (100 parts), sodium carbonate (100 parts), bitumen emulsion (or any 'sticky' carbon source) (12 parts) and sulphur (60 parts) at 750°C for ca. 4 hours. At this stage the ingress of air should be limited. The sample is allowed to cool in the furnace to 500°C, the ingress of air is permitted and additional sulphur (30 parts) is introduced before a second calcination step is undertaken at 500°C for two hours. The products obtained from the optimum synthesis have CIE ranges of x = 0.2945-0.3125, y = 0.2219-0.2617, Y = 0.4257-0.4836, L* = 3.8455-4.3682, a* = 4.2763-7.6943, b* = -7.6772-(-)3.3033, L = 3.8455-4.3682, C = 5.3964-10.8693, h = 315.0636-322.2562. The values are calculated using UV/visible near infrared spectra using Lazurite [1], under D65 illumination, and the 1931 2° observer.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23418413</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0050364</doi><tpages>e50364</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aluminum Silicates - chemical synthesis Aluminum Silicates - history Artists Carbon sources Carbonates Chemistry Chemists Clay Cobalt Color Furnaces Handbooks History, 19th Century Infrared spectra Kaolin Materials Science Methods Near infrared radiation Pigments Social and Behavioral Sciences Sodium Sodium carbonate Sulfur Sulfur compounds Trends |
| title | A systematic examination of colour development in synthetic ultramarine according to historical methods |
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