High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs
The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins. Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (4 µM aerodynamic dia...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2013-02, Vol.8 (2), p.e57485-e57485 |
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| creator | Noti, John D Blachere, Francoise M McMillen, Cynthia M Lindsley, William G Kashon, Michael L Slaughter, Denzil R Beezhold, Donald H |
| description | The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins.
Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (4 µM aerodynamic diameters) adjacent to the breathing manikin's mouth and also at other locations within the room. At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay.
Total virus collected for 60 minutes retained 70.6-77.3% infectivity at relative humidity ≤23% but only 14.6-22.2% at relative humidity ≥43%. Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions. Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing. Thereafter, losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing, however, the rate of decline at 45% relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20% regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed.
At low relative humidity, influenza retains maximal infectivity and inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing. Although virus carried on aerosol particles 40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0057485 |
| format | Article |
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Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (<1 µM, 1-4 µM, and >4 µM aerodynamic diameters) adjacent to the breathing manikin's mouth and also at other locations within the room. At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay.
Total virus collected for 60 minutes retained 70.6-77.3% infectivity at relative humidity ≤23% but only 14.6-22.2% at relative humidity ≥43%. Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions. Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing. Thereafter, losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing, however, the rate of decline at 45% relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20% regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed.
At low relative humidity, influenza retains maximal infectivity and inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing. Although virus carried on aerosol particles <4 µM have the potential for remaining suspended in air currents longer and traveling further distances than those on larger particles, their rapid inactivation at high humidity tempers this concern. Maintaining indoor relative humidity >40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057485</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23460865</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aerosol particles ; Aerosols ; Air currents ; Air flow ; Animals ; Bioaerosols ; Biology ; Breathing ; Chemistry ; Cough - virology ; Deactivation ; Disease control ; Disease prevention ; Earth Sciences ; High humidity ; Humans ; Humidity ; Inactivation ; Infections ; Infectivity ; Influenza ; Low humidity ; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells ; Medical laboratories ; Medical personnel ; Medicine ; Occupational safety ; Orthomyxoviridae - pathogenicity ; Particle Size ; Particulates ; Plaque assay ; Relative humidity ; Respiration ; Samplers ; Studies ; Ventilation ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2013-02, Vol.8 (2), p.e57485-e57485</ispartof><rights>2013. This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-5b3cfa28cc366d5f769a46a6e59d7b50384fe77a5f925b05f70eb637fd81fda63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-5b3cfa28cc366d5f769a46a6e59d7b50384fe77a5f925b05f70eb637fd81fda63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583861/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583861/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23871,27929,27930,53796,53798</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460865$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Rong, Lijun</contributor><creatorcontrib>Noti, John D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blachere, Francoise M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McMillen, Cynthia M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lindsley, William G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kashon, Michael L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slaughter, Denzil R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beezhold, Donald H</creatorcontrib><title>High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins.
Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (<1 µM, 1-4 µM, and >4 µM aerodynamic diameters) adjacent to the breathing manikin's mouth and also at other locations within the room. At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay.
Total virus collected for 60 minutes retained 70.6-77.3% infectivity at relative humidity ≤23% but only 14.6-22.2% at relative humidity ≥43%. Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions. Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing. Thereafter, losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing, however, the rate of decline at 45% relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20% regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed.
At low relative humidity, influenza retains maximal infectivity and inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing. Although virus carried on aerosol particles <4 µM have the potential for remaining suspended in air currents longer and traveling further distances than those on larger particles, their rapid inactivation at high humidity tempers this concern. Maintaining indoor relative humidity >40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus.</description><subject>Aerosol particles</subject><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Air currents</subject><subject>Air flow</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bioaerosols</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Breathing</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Cough - virology</subject><subject>Deactivation</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease prevention</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>High humidity</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Inactivation</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectivity</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Low humidity</subject><subject>Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells</subject><subject>Medical laboratories</subject><subject>Medical personnel</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Occupational safety</subject><subject>Orthomyxoviridae - pathogenicity</subject><subject>Particle Size</subject><subject>Particulates</subject><subject>Plaque assay</subject><subject>Relative humidity</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Samplers</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Ventilation</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUl1rFDEUDaLYWv0HogFffNk138m8CFKqLRT6os8hk4_dLJnJmswU6q83252WVnzKTXLuyT0nB4D3GK0xlfjLLs9lNGm9z6NfI8QlU_wFOMUdJStBEH35pD4Bb2rdNRBVQrwGJ4QygZTgp-DmMm62cDsP0cXpDiZvXIVThinXCnOAcQzeTjHP9VCm2Y9_DLyNpe1DyQOscZiTmbyDNs-bbX0LXgWTqn-3rGfg1_eLn-eXq-ubH1fn365XlndkWvGe2mCIspYK4XiQojNMGOF552TPEVUseCkNDx3hPWoA5HtBZXAKB2cEPQMfj7z7NqlevKgaU4qUIoyThrg6Ilw2O70vcTDlTmcT9f1BLhttyhRt8lo5Ja1SgRHnmKWsQ4o0o4xUHklL-sb1dXlt7gfvrB-nYtIz0uc3Y9zqTb7VlKtmOW4EnxeCkn_Pvk56iNX6lMzom7dtbsxURxU_KPv0D_T_6tgRZUv7qeLD4zAY6UM-Hrr0IR96yUdr-_BUyGPTQyDoX_PDub8</recordid><startdate>20130227</startdate><enddate>20130227</enddate><creator>Noti, John D</creator><creator>Blachere, Francoise M</creator><creator>McMillen, Cynthia M</creator><creator>Lindsley, William G</creator><creator>Kashon, Michael L</creator><creator>Slaughter, Denzil R</creator><creator>Beezhold, Donald H</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130227</creationdate><title>High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs</title><author>Noti, John D ; Blachere, Francoise M ; McMillen, Cynthia M ; Lindsley, William G ; Kashon, Michael L ; Slaughter, Denzil R ; Beezhold, Donald H</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c592t-5b3cfa28cc366d5f769a46a6e59d7b50384fe77a5f925b05f70eb637fd81fda63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>Aerosol particles</topic><topic>Aerosols</topic><topic>Air currents</topic><topic>Air flow</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bioaerosols</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Breathing</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Cough - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Noti, John D</au><au>Blachere, Francoise M</au><au>McMillen, Cynthia M</au><au>Lindsley, William G</au><au>Kashon, Michael L</au><au>Slaughter, Denzil R</au><au>Beezhold, Donald H</au><au>Rong, Lijun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2013-02-27</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e57485</spage><epage>e57485</epage><pages>e57485-e57485</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>The role of relative humidity in the aerosol transmission of influenza was examined in a simulated examination room containing coughing and breathing manikins.
Nebulized influenza was coughed into the examination room and Bioaerosol samplers collected size-fractionated aerosols (<1 µM, 1-4 µM, and >4 µM aerodynamic diameters) adjacent to the breathing manikin's mouth and also at other locations within the room. At constant temperature, the RH was varied from 7-73% and infectivity was assessed by the viral plaque assay.
Total virus collected for 60 minutes retained 70.6-77.3% infectivity at relative humidity ≤23% but only 14.6-22.2% at relative humidity ≥43%. Analysis of the individual aerosol fractions showed a similar loss in infectivity among the fractions. Time interval analysis showed that most of the loss in infectivity within each aerosol fraction occurred 0-15 minutes after coughing. Thereafter, losses in infectivity continued up to 5 hours after coughing, however, the rate of decline at 45% relative humidity was not statistically different than that at 20% regardless of the aerosol fraction analyzed.
At low relative humidity, influenza retains maximal infectivity and inactivation of the virus at higher relative humidity occurs rapidly after coughing. Although virus carried on aerosol particles <4 µM have the potential for remaining suspended in air currents longer and traveling further distances than those on larger particles, their rapid inactivation at high humidity tempers this concern. Maintaining indoor relative humidity >40% will significantly reduce the infectivity of aerosolized virus.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23460865</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0057485</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Aerosol particles Aerosols Air currents Air flow Animals Bioaerosols Biology Breathing Chemistry Cough - virology Deactivation Disease control Disease prevention Earth Sciences High humidity Humans Humidity Inactivation Infections Infectivity Influenza Low humidity Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells Medical laboratories Medical personnel Medicine Occupational safety Orthomyxoviridae - pathogenicity Particle Size Particulates Plaque assay Relative humidity Respiration Samplers Studies Ventilation Viruses |
| title | High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs |
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