Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial in relation to other intellectual abilities and coronary heart disease by low general intelligence
Low intellectual ability is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Most studies have used a general intelligence score. We studied whether three different subscores of intellectual ability predict these disorders. We studied 2,786 men, born between 1934 and 1944 in H...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2012-11, Vol.7 (11), p.e46841-e46841 |
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| creator | Kajantie, Eero Räikkönen, Katri Henriksson, Markus Leskinen, Jukka T Forsén, Tom Heinonen, Kati Pesonen, Anu-Katriina Osmond, Clive Barker, David J P Eriksson, Johan G |
| description | Low intellectual ability is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Most studies have used a general intelligence score. We studied whether three different subscores of intellectual ability predict these disorders.
We studied 2,786 men, born between 1934 and 1944 in Helsinki, Finland, who as conscripts at age 20 underwent an intellectual ability test comprising verbal, visuospatial (analogous to Raven's progressive matrices) and arithmetic reasoning subtests. We ascertained the later occurrence of coronary heart disease and stroke from validated national hospital discharge and death registers.
281 men (10.1%) had experienced a coronary heart disease event and 131 (4.7%) a stroke event. Coronary heart disease was predicted by low scores in all subtests, hazard ratios for each standard deviation (SD) lower score ranging from 1.21 to 1.30 (confidence intervals 1.08 to 1.46). Stroke was predicted by a low visuospatial reasoning score, the corresponding hazard ratio being 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.46), adjusted for year and age at testing. Adjusted in addition for the two other scores, the hazard ratio was 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79). This hazard ratio was little affected by adjustment for socioeconomic status in childhood and adult life, whereas the same adjustments attenuated the associations between intellectual ability and coronary heart disease. The associations with stroke were also unchanged when adjusted for systolic blood pressure at 20 years and reimbursement for adult antihypertensive medication.
Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial reasoning scores in relation to scores in the two other subtests. This association may be mediated by common underlying causes such as impaired brain development, rather than by mechanisms associated with risk factors shared by stroke and coronary heart disease, such as socio-economic status, hypertension and atherosclerosis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0046841 |
| format | Article |
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We studied 2,786 men, born between 1934 and 1944 in Helsinki, Finland, who as conscripts at age 20 underwent an intellectual ability test comprising verbal, visuospatial (analogous to Raven's progressive matrices) and arithmetic reasoning subtests. We ascertained the later occurrence of coronary heart disease and stroke from validated national hospital discharge and death registers.
281 men (10.1%) had experienced a coronary heart disease event and 131 (4.7%) a stroke event. Coronary heart disease was predicted by low scores in all subtests, hazard ratios for each standard deviation (SD) lower score ranging from 1.21 to 1.30 (confidence intervals 1.08 to 1.46). Stroke was predicted by a low visuospatial reasoning score, the corresponding hazard ratio being 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.46), adjusted for year and age at testing. Adjusted in addition for the two other scores, the hazard ratio was 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79). This hazard ratio was little affected by adjustment for socioeconomic status in childhood and adult life, whereas the same adjustments attenuated the associations between intellectual ability and coronary heart disease. The associations with stroke were also unchanged when adjusted for systolic blood pressure at 20 years and reimbursement for adult antihypertensive medication.
Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial reasoning scores in relation to scores in the two other subtests. This association may be mediated by common underlying causes such as impaired brain development, rather than by mechanisms associated with risk factors shared by stroke and coronary heart disease, such as socio-economic status, hypertension and atherosclerosis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046841</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23144789</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Ability tests ; Adult ; Adults ; Antihypertensives ; Arteriosclerosis ; Atherosclerosis ; Blood pressure ; Brain ; Cardiovascular disease ; Cardiovascular diseases ; Children ; Children & youth ; Cognition & reasoning ; Cohort Studies ; Confidence intervals ; Coronary artery disease ; Coronary Disease - diagnosis ; Coronary Disease - epidemiology ; Coronary heart disease ; Drugs ; Educational attainment ; Epidemiology ; Finland - epidemiology ; Health hazards ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Heart ; Heart diseases ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intelligence ; Intelligence Tests ; Male ; Mathematics ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Mens health ; Military service ; Neurophysiology ; Primary care ; Prognosis ; Reasoning ; Risk analysis ; Risk Factors ; Social and Behavioral Sciences ; Social Class ; Socioeconomics ; Space Perception ; Stroke ; Stroke - diagnosis ; Stroke - epidemiology ; Studies ; Validity ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2012-11, Vol.7 (11), p.e46841-e46841</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2012 Kajantie et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2012 Kajantie et al 2012 Kajantie et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-36b2804a04f1e6362466184900c31e2c6aaf23f0f661747b33ee3ea47336d1903</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-36b2804a04f1e6362466184900c31e2c6aaf23f0f661747b33ee3ea47336d1903</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492363/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492363/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23144789$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kajantie, Eero</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Räikkönen, Katri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Henriksson, Markus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leskinen, Jukka T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsén, Tom</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinonen, Kati</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesonen, Anu-Katriina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Osmond, Clive</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barker, David J P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eriksson, Johan G</creatorcontrib><title>Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial in relation to other intellectual abilities and coronary heart disease by low general intelligence</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Low intellectual ability is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Most studies have used a general intelligence score. We studied whether three different subscores of intellectual ability predict these disorders.
We studied 2,786 men, born between 1934 and 1944 in Helsinki, Finland, who as conscripts at age 20 underwent an intellectual ability test comprising verbal, visuospatial (analogous to Raven's progressive matrices) and arithmetic reasoning subtests. We ascertained the later occurrence of coronary heart disease and stroke from validated national hospital discharge and death registers.
281 men (10.1%) had experienced a coronary heart disease event and 131 (4.7%) a stroke event. Coronary heart disease was predicted by low scores in all subtests, hazard ratios for each standard deviation (SD) lower score ranging from 1.21 to 1.30 (confidence intervals 1.08 to 1.46). Stroke was predicted by a low visuospatial reasoning score, the corresponding hazard ratio being 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.46), adjusted for year and age at testing. Adjusted in addition for the two other scores, the hazard ratio was 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79). This hazard ratio was little affected by adjustment for socioeconomic status in childhood and adult life, whereas the same adjustments attenuated the associations between intellectual ability and coronary heart disease. The associations with stroke were also unchanged when adjusted for systolic blood pressure at 20 years and reimbursement for adult antihypertensive medication.
Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial reasoning scores in relation to scores in the two other subtests. This association may be mediated by common underlying causes such as impaired brain development, rather than by mechanisms associated with risk factors shared by stroke and coronary heart disease, such as socio-economic status, hypertension and atherosclerosis.</description><subject>Ability tests</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Antihypertensives</subject><subject>Arteriosclerosis</subject><subject>Atherosclerosis</subject><subject>Blood pressure</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Cardiovascular diseases</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Coronary artery disease</subject><subject>Coronary Disease - diagnosis</subject><subject>Coronary Disease - epidemiology</subject><subject>Coronary heart disease</subject><subject>Drugs</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Finland - epidemiology</subject><subject>Health hazards</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Intelligence</subject><subject>Intelligence Tests</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematics</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Mens health</subject><subject>Military service</subject><subject>Neurophysiology</subject><subject>Primary care</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Reasoning</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Social and Behavioral Sciences</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Space Perception</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Stroke - diagnosis</subject><subject>Stroke - 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kajantie, Eero</au><au>Räikkönen, Katri</au><au>Henriksson, Markus</au><au>Leskinen, Jukka T</au><au>Forsén, Tom</au><au>Heinonen, Kati</au><au>Pesonen, Anu-Katriina</au><au>Osmond, Clive</au><au>Barker, David J P</au><au>Eriksson, Johan G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial in relation to other intellectual abilities and coronary heart disease by low general intelligence</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2012-11-07</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>7</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e46841</spage><epage>e46841</epage><pages>e46841-e46841</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Low intellectual ability is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Most studies have used a general intelligence score. We studied whether three different subscores of intellectual ability predict these disorders.
We studied 2,786 men, born between 1934 and 1944 in Helsinki, Finland, who as conscripts at age 20 underwent an intellectual ability test comprising verbal, visuospatial (analogous to Raven's progressive matrices) and arithmetic reasoning subtests. We ascertained the later occurrence of coronary heart disease and stroke from validated national hospital discharge and death registers.
281 men (10.1%) had experienced a coronary heart disease event and 131 (4.7%) a stroke event. Coronary heart disease was predicted by low scores in all subtests, hazard ratios for each standard deviation (SD) lower score ranging from 1.21 to 1.30 (confidence intervals 1.08 to 1.46). Stroke was predicted by a low visuospatial reasoning score, the corresponding hazard ratio being 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.46), adjusted for year and age at testing. Adjusted in addition for the two other scores, the hazard ratio was 1.40 (1.10 to 1.79). This hazard ratio was little affected by adjustment for socioeconomic status in childhood and adult life, whereas the same adjustments attenuated the associations between intellectual ability and coronary heart disease. The associations with stroke were also unchanged when adjusted for systolic blood pressure at 20 years and reimbursement for adult antihypertensive medication.
Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial reasoning scores in relation to scores in the two other subtests. This association may be mediated by common underlying causes such as impaired brain development, rather than by mechanisms associated with risk factors shared by stroke and coronary heart disease, such as socio-economic status, hypertension and atherosclerosis.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>23144789</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0046841</doi><tpages>e46841</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2012-11, Vol.7 (11), p.e46841-e46841 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1326725102 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Ability tests Adult Adults Antihypertensives Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Blood pressure Brain Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Children Children & youth Cognition & reasoning Cohort Studies Confidence intervals Coronary artery disease Coronary Disease - diagnosis Coronary Disease - epidemiology Coronary heart disease Drugs Educational attainment Epidemiology Finland - epidemiology Health hazards Health risk assessment Health risks Heart Heart diseases Hospitals Humans Hypertension Intelligence Intelligence Tests Male Mathematics Medical research Medicine Mens health Military service Neurophysiology Primary care Prognosis Reasoning Risk analysis Risk Factors Social and Behavioral Sciences Social Class Socioeconomics Space Perception Stroke Stroke - diagnosis Stroke - epidemiology Studies Validity Young Adult |
| title | Stroke is predicted by low visuospatial in relation to other intellectual abilities and coronary heart disease by low general intelligence |
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