High prevalence of malaria in Zambezia, Mozambique: the protective effect of IRS versus increased risks due to pig-keeping and house construction
African countries are scaling up malaria interventions, especially insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), for which ambitious coverage targets have been set. In spite of these efforts infection prevalence remains high in many parts of the continent. This study investigate...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2012-02, Vol.7 (2), p.e31409 |
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| description | African countries are scaling up malaria interventions, especially insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), for which ambitious coverage targets have been set. In spite of these efforts infection prevalence remains high in many parts of the continent. This study investigated risk factors for malaria infection in children using three malaria indicator surveys from Zambezia province, Mozambique. The impact of IRS and ITNs, the effects of keeping farm animals and of the construction material of roofs of houses and other potential risk factors associated with malaria infection in children were assessed.
Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in October of 2006, 2007 and 2008. A total of 8338 children (ages 1-15 years) from 2748 households were included in the study. All children were screened for malaria by rapid diagnostic tests. Caregiver interviews were used to assess household demographic and wealth characteristics and ITN and IRS coverage. Associations between malaria infection, vector control interventions and potential risk factors were assessed.
Overall, the prevalence of malaria infection was 47.8% (95%CI: 38.7%-57.1%) in children 1-15 years of age, less than a quarter of children (23.1%, 95%CI: 19.1%-27.6%) were sleeping under ITN and almost two thirds were living in IRS treated houses (coverage 65.4%, 95%CI: 51.5%-77.0%). Protective factors that were independently associated with malaria infection were: sleeping in an IRS house without sleeping under ITN (Odds Ratio (OR)= 0.6; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9); additional protection due to sleeping under ITN in an IRS treated house (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.7) versus sleeping in an unsprayed house without a ITN; and parental education (primary/secondary: OR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.5-0.7) versus parents with no education. Increased risk of infection was associated with: current fever (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.0-1.5) versus no fever; pig keeping (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.1-4.9) versus not keeping pigs; living in houses with a grass roof (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.3-2.4) versus other roofing materials and bigger household size (8-15 people: OR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.3-2.1) versus small households (1-4 persons).
Malaria infection among children under 15 years of age in Zambezia remained high but conventional malaria vector control methods, in particular IRS, provided effective means of protection. Household ownership of farm animals, particularly pigs, and living in houses with a grass roof were independently assoc |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0031409 |
| format | Article |
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Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in October of 2006, 2007 and 2008. A total of 8338 children (ages 1-15 years) from 2748 households were included in the study. All children were screened for malaria by rapid diagnostic tests. Caregiver interviews were used to assess household demographic and wealth characteristics and ITN and IRS coverage. Associations between malaria infection, vector control interventions and potential risk factors were assessed.
Overall, the prevalence of malaria infection was 47.8% (95%CI: 38.7%-57.1%) in children 1-15 years of age, less than a quarter of children (23.1%, 95%CI: 19.1%-27.6%) were sleeping under ITN and almost two thirds were living in IRS treated houses (coverage 65.4%, 95%CI: 51.5%-77.0%). Protective factors that were independently associated with malaria infection were: sleeping in an IRS house without sleeping under ITN (Odds Ratio (OR)= 0.6; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9); additional protection due to sleeping under ITN in an IRS treated house (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.7) versus sleeping in an unsprayed house without a ITN; and parental education (primary/secondary: OR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.5-0.7) versus parents with no education. Increased risk of infection was associated with: current fever (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.0-1.5) versus no fever; pig keeping (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.1-4.9) versus not keeping pigs; living in houses with a grass roof (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.3-2.4) versus other roofing materials and bigger household size (8-15 people: OR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.3-2.1) versus small households (1-4 persons).
Malaria infection among children under 15 years of age in Zambezia remained high but conventional malaria vector control methods, in particular IRS, provided effective means of protection. Household ownership of farm animals, particularly pigs, and living in houses with a grass roof were independently associated with increased risk of infection, even after allowing for household wealth. To reduce the burden of malaria, national control programs need to ensure high coverage of effective IRS and promote the use of ITNs, particularly in households with elevated risks of infection, such as those keeping farm animals, and those with grass roofs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031409</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22363640</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age ; Anemia ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Biology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Construction ; Construction materials ; Control methods ; Control programs ; Culicidae ; Demographics ; Diagnostic systems ; Diagnostic tests ; Education ; Facility Design and Construction ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Fever ; Geography ; Grasses ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Households ; Houses ; Housing ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection ; Infections ; Insecticide-Treated Bednets ; Insecticides ; Insecticides - pharmacology ; Irrigation ; Livestock ; Malaria ; Malaria - epidemiology ; Malaria - prevention & control ; Male ; Medical research ; Medicine ; Microscopy ; Models, Biological ; Morbidity ; Mosquitoes ; Mozambique - epidemiology ; Oryza ; Parents ; Pigs ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Polls & surveys ; Prevalence ; Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) ; Protective Agents - pharmacology ; Residential construction ; Risk analysis ; Risk assessment ; Risk Factors ; Risk management ; Roofing ; Roofing materials ; Scaling ; Spraying ; Surveillance ; Surveys ; Sus scrofa ; Tax administration ; Vector-borne diseases</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2012-02, Vol.7 (2), p.e31409</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2012 Temu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Temu et al. 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c691t-68a5ee9691130f6ee4085408256a2e619291b1f1284813650d43216edc84d7bc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c691t-68a5ee9691130f6ee4085408256a2e619291b1f1284813650d43216edc84d7bc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282725/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282725/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363640$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Temu, Emmanuel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coleman, Mike</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abilio, Ana Paula</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kleinschmidt, Immo</creatorcontrib><title>High prevalence of malaria in Zambezia, Mozambique: the protective effect of IRS versus increased risks due to pig-keeping and house construction</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>African countries are scaling up malaria interventions, especially insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), for which ambitious coverage targets have been set. In spite of these efforts infection prevalence remains high in many parts of the continent. This study investigated risk factors for malaria infection in children using three malaria indicator surveys from Zambezia province, Mozambique. The impact of IRS and ITNs, the effects of keeping farm animals and of the construction material of roofs of houses and other potential risk factors associated with malaria infection in children were assessed.
Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in October of 2006, 2007 and 2008. A total of 8338 children (ages 1-15 years) from 2748 households were included in the study. All children were screened for malaria by rapid diagnostic tests. Caregiver interviews were used to assess household demographic and wealth characteristics and ITN and IRS coverage. Associations between malaria infection, vector control interventions and potential risk factors were assessed.
Overall, the prevalence of malaria infection was 47.8% (95%CI: 38.7%-57.1%) in children 1-15 years of age, less than a quarter of children (23.1%, 95%CI: 19.1%-27.6%) were sleeping under ITN and almost two thirds were living in IRS treated houses (coverage 65.4%, 95%CI: 51.5%-77.0%). Protective factors that were independently associated with malaria infection were: sleeping in an IRS house without sleeping under ITN (Odds Ratio (OR)= 0.6; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9); additional protection due to sleeping under ITN in an IRS treated house (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.7) versus sleeping in an unsprayed house without a ITN; and parental education (primary/secondary: OR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.5-0.7) versus parents with no education. Increased risk of infection was associated with: current fever (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.0-1.5) versus no fever; pig keeping (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.1-4.9) versus not keeping pigs; living in houses with a grass roof (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.3-2.4) versus other roofing materials and bigger household size (8-15 people: OR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.3-2.1) versus small households (1-4 persons).
Malaria infection among children under 15 years of age in Zambezia remained high but conventional malaria vector control methods, in particular IRS, provided effective means of protection. Household ownership of farm animals, particularly pigs, and living in houses with a grass roof were independently associated with increased risk of infection, even after allowing for household wealth. To reduce the burden of malaria, national control programs need to ensure high coverage of effective IRS and promote the use of ITNs, particularly in households with elevated risks of infection, such as those keeping farm animals, and those with grass roofs.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Animal Husbandry</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Construction</subject><subject>Construction materials</subject><subject>Control methods</subject><subject>Control programs</subject><subject>Culicidae</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Diagnostic tests</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Facility Design and Construction</subject><subject>Family Characteristics</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Geography</subject><subject>Grasses</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Houses</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Insecticide-Treated Bednets</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Insecticides - pharmacology</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaria - epidemiology</subject><subject>Malaria - prevention & control</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>Mozambique - epidemiology</subject><subject>Oryza</subject><subject>Parents</subject><subject>Pigs</subject><subject>Plasmodium falciparum</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Prevalence studies (Epidemiology)</subject><subject>Protective Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Residential construction</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Risk management</subject><subject>Roofing</subject><subject>Roofing materials</subject><subject>Scaling</subject><subject>Spraying</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Sus scrofa</subject><subject>Tax administration</subject><subject>Vector-borne 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(New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Temu, Emmanuel A</au><au>Coleman, Mike</au><au>Abilio, Ana Paula</au><au>Kleinschmidt, Immo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High prevalence of malaria in Zambezia, Mozambique: the protective effect of IRS versus increased risks due to pig-keeping and house construction</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2012-02-20</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e31409</spage><pages>e31409-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>African countries are scaling up malaria interventions, especially insecticide treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), for which ambitious coverage targets have been set. In spite of these efforts infection prevalence remains high in many parts of the continent. This study investigated risk factors for malaria infection in children using three malaria indicator surveys from Zambezia province, Mozambique. The impact of IRS and ITNs, the effects of keeping farm animals and of the construction material of roofs of houses and other potential risk factors associated with malaria infection in children were assessed.
Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in October of 2006, 2007 and 2008. A total of 8338 children (ages 1-15 years) from 2748 households were included in the study. All children were screened for malaria by rapid diagnostic tests. Caregiver interviews were used to assess household demographic and wealth characteristics and ITN and IRS coverage. Associations between malaria infection, vector control interventions and potential risk factors were assessed.
Overall, the prevalence of malaria infection was 47.8% (95%CI: 38.7%-57.1%) in children 1-15 years of age, less than a quarter of children (23.1%, 95%CI: 19.1%-27.6%) were sleeping under ITN and almost two thirds were living in IRS treated houses (coverage 65.4%, 95%CI: 51.5%-77.0%). Protective factors that were independently associated with malaria infection were: sleeping in an IRS house without sleeping under ITN (Odds Ratio (OR)= 0.6; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9); additional protection due to sleeping under ITN in an IRS treated house (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.7) versus sleeping in an unsprayed house without a ITN; and parental education (primary/secondary: OR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.5-0.7) versus parents with no education. Increased risk of infection was associated with: current fever (OR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.0-1.5) versus no fever; pig keeping (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 2.1-4.9) versus not keeping pigs; living in houses with a grass roof (OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.3-2.4) versus other roofing materials and bigger household size (8-15 people: OR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.3-2.1) versus small households (1-4 persons).
Malaria infection among children under 15 years of age in Zambezia remained high but conventional malaria vector control methods, in particular IRS, provided effective means of protection. Household ownership of farm animals, particularly pigs, and living in houses with a grass roof were independently associated with increased risk of infection, even after allowing for household wealth. To reduce the burden of malaria, national control programs need to ensure high coverage of effective IRS and promote the use of ITNs, particularly in households with elevated risks of infection, such as those keeping farm animals, and those with grass roofs.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22363640</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0031409</doi><tpages>e31409</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2012-02, Vol.7 (2), p.e31409 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_1323856344 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Anemia Animal Husbandry Animals Biology Child Child, Preschool Children Construction Construction materials Control methods Control programs Culicidae Demographics Diagnostic systems Diagnostic tests Education Facility Design and Construction Family Characteristics Female Fever Geography Grasses Health aspects Health risks Households Houses Housing Humans Infant Infection Infections Insecticide-Treated Bednets Insecticides Insecticides - pharmacology Irrigation Livestock Malaria Malaria - epidemiology Malaria - prevention & control Male Medical research Medicine Microscopy Models, Biological Morbidity Mosquitoes Mozambique - epidemiology Oryza Parents Pigs Plasmodium falciparum Polls & surveys Prevalence Prevalence studies (Epidemiology) Protective Agents - pharmacology Residential construction Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk Factors Risk management Roofing Roofing materials Scaling Spraying Surveillance Surveys Sus scrofa Tax administration Vector-borne diseases |
| title | High prevalence of malaria in Zambezia, Mozambique: the protective effect of IRS versus increased risks due to pig-keeping and house construction |
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