Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts
Clostridium difficile spores play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diarrhoea, but in order to cause disease spores must complete germination and return to vegetative cell growth. While the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in Bacillus, knowledge of C. difficile germ...
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| description | Clostridium difficile spores play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diarrhoea, but in order to cause disease spores must complete germination and return to vegetative cell growth. While the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in Bacillus, knowledge of C. difficile germination remains limited. Previous studies have shown that bile salts and amino acids play an important role in regulating the germination response of C. difficile spores. Taurocholate, in combination with glycine, can stimulate germination, whereas chenodeoxycholate has been shown to inhibit spore germination in a C. difficile clinical isolate. Our recent studies of C. difficile sporulation characteristics have since pointed to substantial diversity among different clinical isolates. Consequently, in this study we investigated how the germination characteristics of different C. difficile isolates vary in response to bile salts. By analysing 29 isolates, including 16 belonging to the BI/NAP1/027 type, we show that considerable diversity exists in both the rate and extent of C. difficile germination in response to rich medium containing both taurocholate and glycine. Strikingly, we also show that although a potent inhibitor of germination for some isolates, chenodeoxycholate does not inhibit the germination, or outgrowth, of all C. difficile strains. Finally, we provide evidence that components of rich media may induce the germination of C. difficile spores, even in the absence of taurocholate. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanisms of C. difficile spore germination in response to bile salts are complex and require further study. Furthermore, we stress the importance of studying multiple isolates in the future when analysing the nutrients or chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit C. difficile spore germination. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0032381 |
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While the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in Bacillus, knowledge of C. difficile germination remains limited. Previous studies have shown that bile salts and amino acids play an important role in regulating the germination response of C. difficile spores. Taurocholate, in combination with glycine, can stimulate germination, whereas chenodeoxycholate has been shown to inhibit spore germination in a C. difficile clinical isolate. Our recent studies of C. difficile sporulation characteristics have since pointed to substantial diversity among different clinical isolates. Consequently, in this study we investigated how the germination characteristics of different C. difficile isolates vary in response to bile salts. By analysing 29 isolates, including 16 belonging to the BI/NAP1/027 type, we show that considerable diversity exists in both the rate and extent of C. difficile germination in response to rich medium containing both taurocholate and glycine. Strikingly, we also show that although a potent inhibitor of germination for some isolates, chenodeoxycholate does not inhibit the germination, or outgrowth, of all C. difficile strains. Finally, we provide evidence that components of rich media may induce the germination of C. difficile spores, even in the absence of taurocholate. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanisms of C. difficile spore germination in response to bile salts are complex and require further study. Furthermore, we stress the importance of studying multiple isolates in the future when analysing the nutrients or chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit C. difficile spore germination.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032381</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22384234</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Amino acids ; Bacteria ; Bacteriology ; Bile ; Bile Acids and Salts - pharmacology ; Bile salts ; Biology ; Cell growth ; Chenodeoxycholate ; Chenodeoxycholic Acid - pharmacology ; Clinical isolates ; Clostridioides difficile - metabolism ; Clostridium difficile ; Clostridium perfringens ; Diarrhea ; Gastrointestinal Agents - pharmacology ; Genomes ; Germination ; Glycine ; Glycine - chemistry ; Medicine ; Microbiology ; Nutrients ; Salts ; Species Specificity ; Spore germination ; Spores ; Spores, Bacterial - drug effects ; Spores, Bacterial - metabolism ; Sporulation ; Stem Cells ; Studies ; Taurocholic Acid - pharmacology ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2012-02, Vol.7 (2), p.e32381-e32381</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2012 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2012 Heeg et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Heeg et al. 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c757t-22aa35f50af6177d0be21357c8425856952c233cccac3811f68a05bb3d6de2423</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c757t-22aa35f50af6177d0be21357c8425856952c233cccac3811f68a05bb3d6de2423</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285209/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285209/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,2914,23846,27903,27904,53770,53772,79347,79348</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22384234$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Setlow, Peter</contributor><creatorcontrib>Heeg, Daniela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burns, David A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cartman, Stephen T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minton, Nigel P</creatorcontrib><title>Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Clostridium difficile spores play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diarrhoea, but in order to cause disease spores must complete germination and return to vegetative cell growth. While the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in Bacillus, knowledge of C. difficile germination remains limited. Previous studies have shown that bile salts and amino acids play an important role in regulating the germination response of C. difficile spores. Taurocholate, in combination with glycine, can stimulate germination, whereas chenodeoxycholate has been shown to inhibit spore germination in a C. difficile clinical isolate. Our recent studies of C. difficile sporulation characteristics have since pointed to substantial diversity among different clinical isolates. Consequently, in this study we investigated how the germination characteristics of different C. difficile isolates vary in response to bile salts. By analysing 29 isolates, including 16 belonging to the BI/NAP1/027 type, we show that considerable diversity exists in both the rate and extent of C. difficile germination in response to rich medium containing both taurocholate and glycine. Strikingly, we also show that although a potent inhibitor of germination for some isolates, chenodeoxycholate does not inhibit the germination, or outgrowth, of all C. difficile strains. Finally, we provide evidence that components of rich media may induce the germination of C. difficile spores, even in the absence of taurocholate. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanisms of C. difficile spore germination in response to bile salts are complex and require further study. Furthermore, we stress the importance of studying multiple isolates in the future when analysing the nutrients or chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit C. difficile spore germination.</description><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteriology</subject><subject>Bile</subject><subject>Bile Acids and Salts - pharmacology</subject><subject>Bile salts</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Cell growth</subject><subject>Chenodeoxycholate</subject><subject>Chenodeoxycholic Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Clinical isolates</subject><subject>Clostridioides difficile - metabolism</subject><subject>Clostridium difficile</subject><subject>Clostridium perfringens</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Gastrointestinal Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Germination</subject><subject>Glycine</subject><subject>Glycine - chemistry</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Salts</subject><subject>Species Specificity</subject><subject>Spore germination</subject><subject>Spores</subject><subject>Spores, Bacterial - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Heeg, Daniela</au><au>Burns, David A</au><au>Cartman, Stephen T</au><au>Minton, Nigel P</au><au>Setlow, Peter</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2012-02-22</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e32381</spage><epage>e32381</epage><pages>e32381-e32381</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Clostridium difficile spores play a pivotal role in the transmission of infectious diarrhoea, but in order to cause disease spores must complete germination and return to vegetative cell growth. While the mechanisms of spore germination are well understood in Bacillus, knowledge of C. difficile germination remains limited. Previous studies have shown that bile salts and amino acids play an important role in regulating the germination response of C. difficile spores. Taurocholate, in combination with glycine, can stimulate germination, whereas chenodeoxycholate has been shown to inhibit spore germination in a C. difficile clinical isolate. Our recent studies of C. difficile sporulation characteristics have since pointed to substantial diversity among different clinical isolates. Consequently, in this study we investigated how the germination characteristics of different C. difficile isolates vary in response to bile salts. By analysing 29 isolates, including 16 belonging to the BI/NAP1/027 type, we show that considerable diversity exists in both the rate and extent of C. difficile germination in response to rich medium containing both taurocholate and glycine. Strikingly, we also show that although a potent inhibitor of germination for some isolates, chenodeoxycholate does not inhibit the germination, or outgrowth, of all C. difficile strains. Finally, we provide evidence that components of rich media may induce the germination of C. difficile spores, even in the absence of taurocholate. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanisms of C. difficile spore germination in response to bile salts are complex and require further study. Furthermore, we stress the importance of studying multiple isolates in the future when analysing the nutrients or chemicals that either stimulate or inhibit C. difficile spore germination.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22384234</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0032381</doi><tpages>e32381</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Amino acids Bacteria Bacteriology Bile Bile Acids and Salts - pharmacology Bile salts Biology Cell growth Chenodeoxycholate Chenodeoxycholic Acid - pharmacology Clinical isolates Clostridioides difficile - metabolism Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Diarrhea Gastrointestinal Agents - pharmacology Genomes Germination Glycine Glycine - chemistry Medicine Microbiology Nutrients Salts Species Specificity Spore germination Spores Spores, Bacterial - drug effects Spores, Bacterial - metabolism Sporulation Stem Cells Studies Taurocholic Acid - pharmacology Time Factors |
| title | Spores of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates display a diverse germination response to bile salts |
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