The origin of GPCRs: identification of mammalian like Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Glutamate and Frizzled GPCRs in fungi

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans are classified into the five main families named Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled and Secretin according to the GRAFS classification. Previous results show that these mammalian GRAFS families are well represented in the Metazoan lineages, but the...

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Veröffentlicht in:PloS one 2012-01, Vol.7 (1), p.e29817-e29817
Hauptverfasser: Krishnan, Arunkumar, Almén, Markus Sällman, Fredriksson, Robert, Schiöth, Helgi B
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description G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans are classified into the five main families named Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled and Secretin according to the GRAFS classification. Previous results show that these mammalian GRAFS families are well represented in the Metazoan lineages, but they have not been shown to be present in Fungi. Here, we systematically mined 79 fungal genomes and provide the first evidence that four of the five main mammalian families of GPCRs, namely Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Glutamate and Frizzled, are present in Fungi and found 142 novel sequences between them. Significantly, we provide strong evidence that the Rhodopsin family emerged from the cAMP receptor family in an event close to the split of Opisthokonts and not in Placozoa, as earlier assumed. The Rhodopsin family then expanded greatly in Metazoans while the cAMP receptor family is found in 3 invertebrate species and lost in the vertebrates. We estimate that the Adhesion and Frizzled families evolved before the split of Unikonts from a common ancestor of all major eukaryotic lineages. Also, the study highlights that the fungal Adhesion receptors do not have N-terminal domains whereas the fungal Glutamate receptors have a broad repertoire of mammalian-like N-terminal domains. Further, mining of the close unicellular relatives of the Metazoan lineage, Salpingoeca rosetta and Capsaspora owczarzaki, obtained a rich group of both the Adhesion and Glutamate families, which in particular provided insight to the early emergence of the N-terminal domains of the Adhesion family. We identified 619 Fungi specific GPCRs across 79 genomes and revealed that Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota phylum have Metazoan-like GPCRs rather than the GPCRs specific for Fungi. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of the presence of four of the five main GRAFS families in Fungi and clarifies the early evolutionary history of the GPCR superfamily.
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Previous results show that these mammalian GRAFS families are well represented in the Metazoan lineages, but they have not been shown to be present in Fungi. Here, we systematically mined 79 fungal genomes and provide the first evidence that four of the five main mammalian families of GPCRs, namely Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Glutamate and Frizzled, are present in Fungi and found 142 novel sequences between them. Significantly, we provide strong evidence that the Rhodopsin family emerged from the cAMP receptor family in an event close to the split of Opisthokonts and not in Placozoa, as earlier assumed. The Rhodopsin family then expanded greatly in Metazoans while the cAMP receptor family is found in 3 invertebrate species and lost in the vertebrates. We estimate that the Adhesion and Frizzled families evolved before the split of Unikonts from a common ancestor of all major eukaryotic lineages. Also, the study highlights that the fungal Adhesion receptors do not have N-terminal domains whereas the fungal Glutamate receptors have a broad repertoire of mammalian-like N-terminal domains. Further, mining of the close unicellular relatives of the Metazoan lineage, Salpingoeca rosetta and Capsaspora owczarzaki, obtained a rich group of both the Adhesion and Glutamate families, which in particular provided insight to the early emergence of the N-terminal domains of the Adhesion family. We identified 619 Fungi specific GPCRs across 79 genomes and revealed that Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota phylum have Metazoan-like GPCRs rather than the GPCRs specific for Fungi. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of the presence of four of the five main GRAFS families in Fungi and clarifies the early evolutionary history of the GPCR superfamily.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>22238661</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0029817</doi><tpages>e29817</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Adhesion
Algorithms
Amino Acid Sequence
Amino acids
Amoebozoa
Animals
Bioinformatics
Biology
Cell Adhesion Molecules - genetics
Cell Adhesion Molecules - isolation & purification
Cloning, Molecular
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic AMP
Datasets
Evolution, Molecular
Filasterea
Frizzled protein
Frizzled Receptors - genetics
Frizzled Receptors - isolation & purification
Fungi
Fungi - genetics
Fungi - physiology
G protein-coupled receptors
Genes, Fungal
Genome, Fungal
Genomes
Genomics
Glutamate
Glutamic acid receptors
Humans
Hypotheses
Ligands
Mammals
Mammals - genetics
Metazoa
Molecular Sequence Data
Nematoda
Neurosciences
Paramecium
Peptides
Pharmacology
Pheromones
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Placozoa
Proteins
Receptors
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - classification
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - genetics
Receptors, Glutamate - genetics
Receptors, Glutamate - isolation & purification
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin - genetics
Rhodopsin - isolation & purification
Secretin
Tetrahymena thermophila
Trends
Vertebrates
title The origin of GPCRs: identification of mammalian like Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Glutamate and Frizzled GPCRs in fungi
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